Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34999857›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of epidemiology2022

Separate and combined effects of individual and neighbourhood socio-economic disadvantage on health-related lifestyle risk factors: a multilevel analysis.

Yinjie Zhu, Ming-Jie Duan, Ineke J Riphagen, Isidor Minovic, Jochen O Mierau, Juan-Jesus Carrero, Stephan J L Bakker, Gerjan J Navis, Louise H Dekker

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in International journal of epidemiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
30citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Trajectories of psychotic-like experiences in youth and associations with lifestyle factors.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026
    Article
  4. Causal Loop Diagrams of Food Systems, Diet, and Obesity: A Scoping Review of Methods, Contextual Factors, and Outcomes.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2025
    Article
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  18. Health Promotion Values Underlying Healthy Eating Strategies in The Netherlands.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023
    Article
  19. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Yinjie ZhuDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0001-8059-6446
Ming-Jie DuanDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Ineke J RiphagenDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Isidor MinovicDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Jochen O MierauFaculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
Juan-Jesus CarreroDepartment of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Stephan J L BakkerDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Gerjan J NavisDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Louise H DekkerDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-0957-8330

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundSocio-economic disadvantage at both individual and neighbourhood levels has been found to be associated with single lifestyle risk factors. However, it is unknown to what extent their combined effects contribute to a broad lifestyle profile. We aimed to (i) investigate the associations of individual socio-economic disadvantage (ISED) and neighbourhood socio-economic disadvantage (NSED) in relation to an extended score of health-related lifestyle risk factors (lifestyle risk index); and to (ii) investigate whether NSED modified the association between ISED and the lifestyle risk index.

methodsOf 77 244 participants [median age (IQR): 46 (40-53) years] from the Lifelines cohort study in the northern Netherlands, we calculated a lifestyle risk index by scoring the lifestyle risk factors including smoking status, alcohol consumption, diet quality, physical activity, TV-watching time and sleep time. A higher lifestyle risk index was indicative of an unhealthier lifestyle. Composite scores of ISED and NSED based on a variety of socio-economic indicators were calculated separately. Linear mixed-effect models were used to examine the association of ISED and NSED with the lifestyle risk index and to investigate whether NSED modified the association between ISED and the lifestyle risk index by including an interaction term between ISED and NSED.

resultsBoth ISED and NSED were associated with an unhealthier lifestyle, because ISED and NSED were both positively associated with the lifestyle risk index {highest quartile [Q4] ISED beta-coefficient [95% confidence interval (CI)]: 0.64 [0.62-0.66], P < 0.001; highest quintile [Q5] NSED beta-coefficient [95% CI]: 0.17 [0.14-0.21], P < 0.001} after adjustment for age, sex and body mass index. In addition, a positive interaction was found between NSED and ISED on the lifestyle risk index (beta-coefficient 0.016, 95% CI: 0.011-0.021, Pinteraction < 0.001), which indicated that NSED modified the association between ISED and the lifestyle risk index; i.e. the gradient of the associations across all ISED quartiles (Q4 vs Q1) was steeper among participants residing in the most disadvantaged neighbourhoods compared with those who resided in the less disadvantaged neighbourhoods.

conclusionsOur findings suggest that public health initiatives addressing lifestyle-related socio-economic health differences should not only target individuals, but also consider neighbourhood factors.

Indexed as

Life StyleResidence CharacteristicsCohort StudiesHumansMultilevel AnalysisSocioeconomic FactorslifestyleneighbourhoodSocio-economic disadvantage

Identifiers

PMID34999857
PMCPMC8743118

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.