Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34999718›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of obesity (2005)2022

Antibiotics prior to age 2 years have limited association with preschool growth trajectory.

L Charles Bailey, Matthew Bryan, Mitchell Maltenfort, Jason P Block, Rachel Teneralli, Douglas Lunsford, Janne Boone-Heinonen, Ihuoma Eneli, Casie E Horgan, Pi-I D Lin and 35 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in International journal of obesity (2005), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Incidence and determinants of antibiotic use by age two: a prospective cohort study.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

45 authors.

L Charles BaileyDepartments of Pediatrics and Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA. baileyc@chop.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8967-0662
Matthew BryanDepartments of Pediatrics and Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Mitchell MaltenfortDepartments of Pediatrics and Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Jason P BlockDivision of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Rachel TeneralliDepartments of Pediatrics and Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Douglas LunsfordNorth Fork School District, Utica, OH, USA.
Janne Boone-HeinonenSchool of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0368-0545
Ihuoma EneliNationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
Casie E HorganDivision of Therapeutics Research and Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Pi-I D LinDivision of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3564-4255
Juliane S ReynoldsDivision of Therapeutics Research and Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Anthony E SolomonidesCenter for Biomedical Research Informatics, North Shore University Health System, Evanston, IL, USA.
David JanickeDepartment of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Jessica L SturtevantDivision of Therapeutics Research and Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Sengwee TohDivision of Therapeutics Research and Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Elsie TaverasDivision of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Bradley M AppelhansRush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
David ArterburnKaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
Matthew F DaleyInstitute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
Amanda DempseyUniversity of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA.
Lara R DugasPublic Health Sciences, Loyola University, Chicago, IL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0692-8585
Jonathan FinkelsteinKaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, CA, USA.
Stephanie L FitzpatrickCenter for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, OR, USA.
Andrea GoodmanGenetic Alliance, Washington, DC, USA.
Matthew J GurkaDepartment of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
William J HeermanVanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
Michael HorbergKaiser Permanente Mid-Atlantic Permanente Research Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
Md Jobbayer HossainNemours/A I Dupont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA.
Daniel S HsiaPennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2832-3429
Carmen R IsasiAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
Elyse O KharbandaHealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Mary Jo MessitoNYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
Kathleen MurphyGenetic Alliance, Washington, DC, USA.
Kevin O'BryanWashington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
Holly L PeayRTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
Micah T ProchaskaUniversity of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
Jon PuroOCHIN, Inc., Portland, OR, USA.
Maria RayasUT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
Marc B RosenmanAnn & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
Bradley TaylorMedical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6414-4172
Jeffrey J VanWormerMarshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, WI, USA.
Zachary WillisDepartment of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Samrat YeramaneniBaylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA.
Christopher B ForrestDepartments of Pediatrics and Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
PCORnet Antibiotics and Childhood Growth Study Group

Funding

Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute OBS-1505-30699
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPrior studies of early antibiotic use and growth have shown mixed results, primarily on cross-sectional outcomes. This study examined the effect of oral antibiotics before age 24 months on growth trajectory at age 2-5 years.

methodsWe captured oral antibiotic prescriptions and anthropometrics from electronic health records through PCORnet, for children with ≥1 height and weight at 0-12 months of age, ≥1 at 12-30 months, and ≥2 between 25 and 72 months. Prescriptions were grouped into episodes by time and by antimicrobial spectrum. Longitudinal rate regression was used to assess differences in growth rate from 25 to 72 months of age. Models were adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, steroid use, diagnosed asthma, complex chronic conditions, and infections.

results430,376 children from 29 health U.S. systems were included, with 58% receiving antibiotics before 24 months. Exposure to any antibiotic was associated with an average 0.7% (95% CI 0.5, 0.9, p < 0.0001) greater rate of weight gain, corresponding to 0.05 kg additional weight. The estimated effect was slightly greater for narrow-spectrum (0.8% [0.6, 1.1]) than broad-spectrum (0.6% [0.3, 0.8], p < 0.0001) drugs. There was a small dose response relationship between the number of antibiotic episodes and weight gain.

conclusionOral antibiotic use prior to 24 months of age was associated with very small changes in average growth rate at ages 2-5 years. The small effect size is unlikely to affect individual prescribing decisions, though it may reflect a biologic effect that can combine with others.

Indexed as

Anti-Bacterial AgentsBody HeightChildChild, PreschoolCross-Sectional StudiesHumansInfantPrescriptionsWeight GainAnti-Bacterial Agents

Identifiers

PMID34999718
PMCPMC8967797

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.