ArticleJournal of clinical epidemiology2022
A case study and proposal for publishing directed acyclic graphs: The effectiveness of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in perinatally HIV Infected girls.
Article in Journal of clinical epidemiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01418014 (Adolescent Master Protocol), which is not on this map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Adolescent Master Protocol
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Real-world effectiveness of HPV vaccination against high-risk type HPV DNA positivity among adult women aged 18 - 45years in China: A matched test-negative design study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
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- Can algorithms replace expert knowledge for causal inference? A case study on novice use of causal discovery.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- How to develop causal directed acyclic graphs for observational health research: a scoping review.Health psychology review · 2025Article
- Chronic Low Back Pain Causal Risk Factors Identified by Mendelian Randomization: a Cross-Sectional Cohort Analysis.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Synthesizing Subject-matter Expertise for Variable Selection in Causal Effect Estimation: A Case Study.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2024Article
- Causal relationships between pain, medical treatments, and knee osteoarthritis: A graphical causal model to guide analyses.Osteoarthritis and cartilage · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDeveloping a causal graph is an important step in etiologic research planning and can be used to highlight data flaws and irreparable bias and confounding. As a case study, we consider recent findings that suggest human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is less effective against HPV-associated disease among girls living with HIV compared to girls without HIV.
objectivesTo understand the relationship between HIV status and HPV vaccine effectiveness, it is important to outline the key assumptions of the causal mechanisms before designing a study to investigate the effect of the HPV vaccine in girls living with HIV infection.
methodsWe present a causal graph to describe our assumptions and proposed approach to explore this relationship. We hope to obtain feedback on our assumptions before data analysis and exemplify the process for designing causal graphs to inform an etiologic study.
conclusionThe approach we lay out in this paper may be useful for other researchers who have an interest in using causal graphs to describe and assess assumptions in their own research before undergoing data collection and/or analysis.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.