ArticleDrug testing and analysis2022
Adulteration of low-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol products with synthetic cannabinoids: Results from drug checking services.
Article in Drug testing and analysis, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interpol review of forensic drug chemistry, 2022-2025.Forensic science international. Synergy · 2026Review
- Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists inhibit the cardiac voltage-gated potassium channel hERG.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Article
- Simulation of the Metabolism of New Psychoactive Substances Using Electrochemistry-Mass Spectrometry: Introducing an Innovative Software Tool for Rapid Data Evaluation.Drug testing and analysis · 2026Article
- Deadly confusion of novel psychoactive substances: fatal outcome of ADB-BUTINACA mislabeled as 3',4'-methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinohexiophenone.Forensic toxicology · 2026Article
- Tail-less precursors in synthetic cannabinoid production: investigating a clandestine laboratory, seized samples, and CBArchives of toxicology · 2025Article
- Willingness to use a drug checking service for cannabis and cannabis-based products: results from an online survey of people who regularly use cannabis in France.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
- Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists exacerbate fentanyl-elicited respiratory depression and confer resistance to naloxone rescue in mice.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- The resurgence of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists as adulterants in the Era of Cannabis legalization: Lessons from prior epidemics and clinical implications.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2025Review
- Utilization of drug checking services in Austria: a cross-sectional online survey.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
- Peer-review Blinded Assay Test (P-BAT): a framework for trustless laboratory quality assurance for state-regulated cannabis markets.Journal of cannabis research · 2025Article
- Patterns of Use and Patient-Reported Effects of Cannabinoids in People With PD: A Nationwide Survey.Parkinson's disease · 2025Article
- "Like the Wild West": Health care provider perspectives on impacts of recreational cannabis legalization on patients and providers at a tertiary psychiatric hospital in Ontario, Canada.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2024Article
- Activity-based detection of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists in plant materials.Harm reduction journal · 2024Article
- Five cases of unintentional exposure to BZO-4en-POXIZID among nightclub attendees in New York City.Journal of analytical toxicology · 2024Article
- Article
- Interpol Review of Drug Analysis 2019-2022.Forensic science international. Synergy · 2023Review
- Cannabidiol use and perceptions in France: a national survey.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Adulteration of low-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol products with synthetic cannabinoids: Results from drug checking services.Drug testing and analysis · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Since late 2019, low-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) preparations adulterated with synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) have been frequently observed in Switzerland. The unawareness of users concerning the presence of SCs and the typically higher potency and toxicity of SCs, when compared with THC, can result in increased health risks. In Switzerland, low-THC (<1%) cannabis products, except hashish, are legal. These products can act as carrier materials for SCs. In this study, cannabis samples and user self-reports received through three drug checking services were collected and analysed, to gain deeper insight into this new phenomenon. Samples were collected from January 2020 to July 2021. Liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry was used for the qualitative screening and semi-quantification of SCs, while gas chromatography with flame ionization detector was applied for the quantification of THC and cannabidiol levels. Reported adverse effects were compared between users who consumed adulterated (SC-group) and non-adulterated (THC-group) products. Of a total 94 samples, 50% contained up to three different SCs. MDMB-4en-PINACA was most often detected. All adulterated cannabis flowers contained ≤1% THC. Adulterated hashish also typically presented low THC-levels (median: 0.8%). The SC-group was associated with higher numbers of adverse events (p = 0.041). Furthermore, psychologic (p = 0.0007) and cardiologic (p = 0.020) adverse effects were more profound in the SC-group than in the THC-group. Drug checking services enabled the timely detection and monitoring of new and potentially dangerous trends. Furthermore, due to user-reports, additional valuable information was gained on adverse events associated with the consumption of novel SCs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.