ReviewNature protocols2022
Engineered human blood-brain barrier microfluidic model for vascular permeability analyses.
Review in Nature protocols, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 163 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
163 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 228 citations in OpenAlex.
- Meta-analysis of the make-up and properties of in vitro models of the healthy and diseased blood-brain barrier.Nature biomedical engineering · 2025Pooled it
- A perfusable first-generation endometrial microvascular model to study human spiral artery remodeling in pregnancy.Lab on a chip · 2026Article
- Derivation of functional retinal endothelial cells from human pluripotent stem cells for therapeutics and modelling.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Engineered Microvascular Model of the Blood-Brain-Tumor Barrier Reveals Endothelial Remodeling in Diffuse Midline Glioma.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Reconstructing AF-associated atrial fibrosis: Patient-specific iPSC models, fit-for-purpose atrial microphysiological systems, and nanomedicine.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- A mechanically actuated lung microvascular model reveals that breathing-like deformation enhances tumor cell extravasation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Engineering mRNA-LNP Medicines for the Ageing Brain: Opportunities and Challenges for Neurodegenerative Diseases.Exploration (Beijing, China) · 2026Review
- Making the Case for Organ-on-Chip Platforms in Long-Acting Therapeutics Development.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Review
- Vascularized Brain Organoids: Advances in Engineering Human Neurovascular Models.International journal of stem cells · 2026Review
- Construction and Applicability Scenarios of 3D Neurovascular Unit Models In Vitro.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Defining Operational Limits of Low-Cost MSLA 3D Printing for Microfluidic Systems: Resin Performance, Cell Compatibility, and Fluid Dynamics.ACS omega · 2026Article
- IntravChip: a vascularized and perfused microfluidic model of the primary tumor microenvironment to collect intravasated tumor cells.Biofabrication · 2026Article
- Blood‒brain barrier permeability assessment: from biomimetic models to multimodal imaging.Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B · 2026Review
- Article
- miR126-mediated alteration of vascular integrity in Rett syndrome.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Development of a Human 3D Immune-Competent Neurovascular Model Enabling Time-Resolved Monitoring of Neuroinflammatory Dynamics and Neuroimmune Interactions.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- A Long-Lived Human Neurovascular PENTA Culture Model Captures Incomplete Vascular Repair and Glia-Associated Signaling After Traumatic Brain Injury.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Brain targeting and trafficking of extracellular vesicles in central nervous system diseases: a therapeutic roadmap.Nanomedicine (London, England) · 2026Review
- Organoids - the future of pre-clinical development of AAV gene therapy for CNS disorders.Gene therapy · 2026Review
- Decoding glioblastoma evolution and heterogeneity through mechanistic modeling: implications for clinical translation.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2026Review
103 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) greatly restricts the entry of biological and engineered therapeutic molecules into the brain. Due to challenges in translating results from animal models to the clinic, relevant in vitro human BBB models are needed to assess pathophysiological molecular transport mechanisms and enable the design of targeted therapies for neurological disorders. This protocol describes an in vitro model of the human BBB self-assembled within microfluidic devices from stem-cell-derived or primary brain endothelial cells, and primary brain pericytes and astrocytes. This protocol requires 1.5 d for device fabrication, 7 d for device culture and up to 5 d for downstream imaging, protein and gene expression analyses. Methodologies to measure the permeability of any molecule in the BBB model, which take 30 min per device, are also included. Compared with standard 2D assays, the BBB model features relevant cellular organization and morphological characteristics, as well as values of molecular permeability within the range expected in vivo. These properties, coupled with a functional brain endothelial expression profile and the capability to easily test several repeats with low reagent consumption, make this BBB model highly suitable for widespread use in academic and industrial laboratories.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.