ReviewNature reviews. Clinical oncology2022
Harnessing cytokines and chemokines for cancer therapy.
Review in Nature reviews. Clinical oncology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 568 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
568 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 954 citations in OpenAlex.
- Strategies and mechanisms for the enhancement of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell functions.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Pooled it
- Addition of Metastasis-Directed Therapy to Standard of Care for Oligometastatic Disease: Primary Aggregated Analysis of All Baskets from the Phase II Randomized EXTEND Trial.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2026Trial
- Spatiotemporal dynamics of T cells in peripheral blood and tumor underlying differential responses to neoadjuvant PD-1 blockade in hepatocellular carcinoma.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Trial
- Nemvaleukin alfa monotherapy in patients with advanced melanoma and renal cell carcinoma: results from the phase 1/2 non-randomized ARTISTRY-1 trial.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Trial
- TNF signature in advanced melanoma patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: Results from the MELANFα clinical study.International journal of cancer · 2025Trial
- Inflammation and carcinogenesis: molecular targets and small-molecule intervention strategies.Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- Article
- TNFR1 expression on cancer cells mediates immune escape and an immunosuppressive microenvironment.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2026Article
- XBP1 signaling from tumor metabolic stress to myeloid driven immunotherapy resistance (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- αTIGIT-guided IL-15 mimetics drive potent and safe antitumor immunity by restoring tumor-infiltrating T cells.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2026Article
- NF-κB-driven immune checkpoint knockdown and cytokine expression in cancer cells for tumor immunotherapy.iScience · 2026Article
- Engineered probiotics for tumor-targeted combination chemoimmunotherapy.Science translational medicine · 2026Article
- Sonogenetics Nanomedicine Activates the cGAS-STING Pathway for Immunotherapy of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Selected Cytokines and Matrix Metalloproteinases in Pathogenesis and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Tumor-intrinsic NSUN2 orchestrates immunosuppression in lung adenocarcinoma via the mExperimental hematology & oncology · 2026Article
- Causal relationship between trace elements and pityriasis rosea: A Mendelian randomization analysis.Medicine · 2026Article
- Extracellular vesicle proteins monitor and interfere with CLDN18.2-targeted CAR-T cell and antibody therapies against gastrointestinal cancers.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Challenges and opportunities in combining radiotherapy and immunotherapy for localized pancreatic cancer.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2026Review
- T cell-nanodrug conjugates synchronize vascular normalization and immune activation for solid tumor therapy.Science advances · 2026Article
- Lysosome self-sorting nanodegraders for hepatic clearance of pathogenic serum mediators.Nature nanotechnology · 2026Article
508 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
During the past 40 years, cytokines and cytokine receptors have been extensively investigated as either cancer targets or cancer treatments. A strong preclinical rationale supports therapeutic strategies to enhance the growth inhibitory and immunostimulatory effects of interferons and interleukins, including IL-2, IL-7, IL-12 and IL-15, or to inhibit the inflammatory and tumour-promoting actions of cytokines such as TNF, IL-1β and IL-6. This rationale is underscored by the discovery of altered and dysregulated cytokine expression in all human cancers. These findings prompted clinical trials of several cytokines or cytokine antagonists, revealing relevant biological activity but limited therapeutic efficacy. However, most trials involved patients with advanced-stage disease, which might not be the optimal setting for cytokine-based therapy. The advent of more effective immunotherapies and an increased understanding of the tumour microenvironment have presented new approaches to harnessing cytokine networks in the treatment of cancer, which include using cytokine-based therapies to enhance the activity or alleviate the immune-related toxicities of other treatments as well as to target early stage cancers. Many challenges remain, especially concerning delivery methods, context dependencies, and the pleiotropic, redundant and often conflicting actions of many cytokines. Herein, we discuss the lessons learnt from the initial trials of single-agent cytokine-based therapies and subsequent efforts to better exploit such agents for the treatment of solid tumours.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.