ArticleParasites & vectors2022
Characterization of Anopheles gambiae D7 salivary proteins as markers of human-mosquito bite contact.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mosquito salivary protein antibodies as efficient endpoints for vector control trials: A mechanistic comparison with clinical and entomological outcomes.Infectious Disease Modelling · 2026Article
- Two Mosquito Salivary Antigens Demonstrate Promise as Biomarkers of Recent Exposure to Plasmodium falciparum-Infected Mosquito Bites.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Unraveling the Molecular Mechanisms of Mosquito Salivary Proteins: New Frontiers in Disease Transmission and Control.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Research progress toward arthropod salivary protein vaccine development for vector-borne infectious diseases.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Review
- Two mosquito salivary antigens demonstrate promise as biomarkers of recent exposure tomedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Antibodies toFrontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Humoral Immune Responses toInfection and drug resistance · 2023Review
- An Overview of D7 Protein Structure and Physiological Roles in Blood-Feeding Nematocera.Biology · 2022Review
- Functional aspects of evolution in a cluster of salivary protein genes from mosquitoes.Insect biochemistry and molecular biology · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMalaria is transmitted when infected Anopheles mosquitoes take a blood meal. During this process, the mosquitoes inject a cocktail of bioactive proteins that elicit antibody responses in humans and could be used as biomarkers of exposure to mosquito bites. This study evaluated the utility of IgG responses to members of the Anopheles gambiae D7 protein family as serological markers of human-vector contact.
methodsThe D7L2, D7r1, D7r2, D7r3, D7r4 and SG6 salivary proteins from An. gambiae were expressed as recombinant antigens in Escherichia coli. Antibody responses to the salivary proteins were compared in Europeans with no prior exposure to malaria and lifelong residents of Junju in Kenya and Kitgum in Uganda where the intensity of malaria transmission is moderate and high, respectively. In addition, to evaluate the feasibility of using anti-D7 IgG responses as a tool to evaluate the impact of vector control interventions, we compared responses between individuals using insecticide-treated bednets to those who did not in Junju, Kenya where bednet data were available.
resultsWe show that both the long and short forms of the D7 salivary gland antigens elicit a strong antibody response in humans. IgG responses against the D7 antigens reflected the transmission intensities of the three study areas, with the highest to lowest responses observed in Kitgum (northern Uganda), Junju (Kenya) and malaria-naïve Europeans, respectively. Specifically, the long form D7L2 induced an IgG antibody response that increased with age and that was lower in individuals who slept under a bednet, indicating its potential as a serological tool for estimating human-vector contact and monitoring the effectiveness of vector control interventions.
conclusionsThis study reveals that D7L2 salivary antigen has great potential as a biomarker of exposure to mosquito bites and as a tool for assessing the efficacy of vector control strategies such as bednet use.
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