ArticleMolecular neurobiology2022
Combination of electroconvulsive stimulation with ketamine or escitalopram protects the brain against inflammation and oxidative stress induced by maternal deprivation and is critical for associated behaviors in male and female rats.
Article in Molecular neurobiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Contemporary in vivo rodent electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) models in translational depression research: a systematic review.Translational psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Changes in Glutathione and Homocysteine Concentrations in Treatment-Resistant Depression After Electroconvulsive Therapy.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2026Article
- Effects of moderate- and high-intensity exercise on behavior and oxidative damage in male and female rats subjected to early life stress.Experimental brain research · 2026Article
- Bidirectional Effects of Sleep Deprivation Associated with Parkinson's Disease on Behavior, Oxidative Stress, and Energy Metabolism in Male and Female Rats.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Dependence of psychopharmacological drug effects on early social stress experience: An analysis aligned with the research domain criteria framework.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2025Review
- Antidepressant-like and neuroprotective effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Aloysia citriodora in animals subjected to childhood stress.Molecular biology reports · 2025Article
- Altered serum glutathione disulfide levels in acute relapsed schizophrenia are associated with clinical symptoms and response to electroconvulsive therapy.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Hydroalcoholic Extract of Centella asiatica and Madecassic Acid Reverse Depressive-Like Behaviors, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Adult Rats Submitted to Stress in Early Life.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Article
- Effect of high-intensity interval training on self-care and anxiety-like behaviors in naive rats.Experimental brain research · 2024Article
- Investigating the Mechanism of Chufan Yishen Formula in Treating Depression through Network Pharmacology and Experimental Verification.ACS omega · 2024Article
- Maternal Substance Use and Early-Life Adversity: Inducing Drug Dependence in Offspring, Interactions, Mechanisms, and Treatments.Addiction & health · 2024Review
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors regulate the interrelation between 5-HT and inflammation after myocardial infarction.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2023Article
- Article
- Ketamine and serotonergic psychedelics: An update on the mechanisms and biosignatures underlying rapid-acting antidepressant treatment.Neuropharmacology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
17 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating the treatment effects with ketamine, electroconvulsive stimulation (ECS), escitalopram, alone or in combination in adult rats of both sexes, subjected to the animal model of maternal deprivation (MD). All groups were subjected to the forced swimming test (FST), splash and open field tests. The prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus and serum were collected to analyze oxidative stress and inflammatory parameters. MD induced depressive-like behavior in the FST test in males and reduced grooming time in male and female rats. The treatments alone or combined reversed depressive and anhedonic behavior in females. In males, all treatments increased grooming time, except for ECS + escitalopram + ketamine. MD increased lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation, nitrite/nitrate concentration and myeloperoxidase activity in the PFC and hippocampus of males and females. However, the treatment's response was sex dependent. Catalase activity decreased in the PFC of males and the PFC and hippocampus of females, and most treatments were not able to reverse it. MD increased the inflammation biomarkers levels in the PFC and hippocampus of males and females, and most treatments were able to reverse this increase. In all groups, a reduction in the interleukin-10 levels in the PFC and hippocampus of female and male rats was observed. Our study shows different responses between the sexes in the patterns evaluated and reinforces the use of the gender variable as a biological factor in MDD related to early stress and in the response of the therapeutic strategies used.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.