Karl von Frisch and the Discipline of Ethology.

In 1973, the discipline of ethology came into its own when three of its most prominent practitioners-Konrad Lorenz, Nikolaas Tinbergen, and Karl von Frisch-jointly received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. Historians have shown how Lorenz and Tinbergen were central to the practical and theoretical innovations that came to define ethology as a distinct form of animal behavior research in the twentieth century. Frisch is rarely mentioned in such histories. In this paper, I ask, What is Frisch's relationship to the discipline of ethology? To answer that question, I examine Tinbergen's relationship to Frisch's grey card experiments between Tinbergen's time as a student at the University of Leiden in the mid 1920s and his 1951 publication of The Study of Instinct. In doing so, I highlight previously neglected affinities between Frisch's early career research and the program of classical ethology, and I show how Frisch's research meant different things at different times to Tinbergen and others working in the ethological tradition.