ReviewCJC open2021
60 Years After the First Woman Cardiac Surgeon: We Still Need More Women in Cardiac Surgery.
Review in CJC open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interest in cardiothoracic surgery: are women more interested today?Indian journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery · 2026Review
- Sex-Associated Disparities in Surgical and Percutaneous Management of Aortic Stenosis With Severe Features: Retrospective Analysis From the National Readmission Database.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- An environmental scan of current mentorship: fostering the next generations in cardiothoracic surgery in the UK.Journal of cardiothoracic surgery · 2025Article
- Diversity Recruitment in Cardiovascular Specialties: Barriers and Opportunities in Postgraduate Training Programs.JACC. Advances · 2025Article
- Women in cardiac surgery: a global workforce analysis.European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery · 2024Article
- Gender disparities in cardiothoracic surgery: a comparative study in India.Indian journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery · 2024Article
- Women in cardiothoracic surgery.Indian journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery · 2024Article
- Global Access to Comprehensive Care for Paediatric and Congenital Heart Disease.CJC pediatric and congenital heart disease · 2023Review
- Becoming proactive, not reactive: the cardiothoracic surgery job market in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), era.Journal of thoracic disease · 2023Article
- 6 Billion People Have No Access to Safe, Timely, and Affordable Cardiac Surgical Care.JACC. Advances · 2022Article
- Women in mechanical circulatory support: She persisted!Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 9 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In 1960, Dr Nina Starr Braunwald became the first woman to perform open heart surgery. Sixty years later, despite the fact that women outnumbered men in American medical school in 2017, men still dominate the field of cardiac surgery. Women surgeons remain underrepresented in cardiac surgery; 11% of practicing cardiac surgeons in Canada were women in 2015, and 6% of practicing adult cardiac surgeons in the US were women in 2019. Although women remain a minority in other surgical specialties also, cardiothoracic surgery remains one of the most unevenly-gender distributed specialties. Why are there so few women cardiac surgeons, and why does it matter? Evidence is emerging regarding the benefits of diversity for a variety of industries, including healthcare. In order to attract and retain the best talent, we must make the cardiac surgery environment more diverse, equitable, and inclusive. Some causes of perpetuation of the gender gap have been documented in the literature-these include uneven compensation and career advancement opportunities, outdated views on family dynamics, and disproportionate scrutiny of women surgeons, causing additional workplace frictions for women. Diversity is an organizational strength, and gender-diverse institutions are more likely to outperform their non-gender-diverse counterparts. Modifiable issues perpetuate the gender gap, and mentorship is key in helping attract, develop, and retain the best and brightest within cardiac surgery. Facilitating mentorship opportunities is key to reducing barriers and bridging the gap.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.