ArticleBMC medical informatics and decision making2022
PrAna: an R package to calculate and visualize England NHS primary care prescribing data.
Article in BMC medical informatics and decision making, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Demographic-Driven Wastewater-Based Epidemiology: Refining Population Estimates for Enhanced Chemical Monitoring.Environmental science & technology · 2025Article
- A new wide-scope, multi-biomarker wastewater-based epidemiology analytical method to monitor the health and well-being of inhabitants at a metropolitan scale.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2025Article
- A web tool for exploring the usage of medicines in hospitals in England.Wellcome open research · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe objective of this work to calculate prescribed quantity of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in prescription medications for human use, to facilitate research on the prediction of amount of API released to the environment and create an open-data tool to facilitate spatiotemporal and long-term prescription trends for wider usage.
designWe have developed an R package, PrAna to calculate the prescribed quantity (in kg) of an APIs by postcode using England's national level prescription data provided by National Health Service, for the years 2015-2018. Datasets generated using PrAna can be visualized in a real-time interactive web-based tool, PrAnaViz to explore spatiotemporal and long-term trends. The visualisations can be customised by selecting month, year, API, and region.
resultsPrAnaViz's targeted API approach is demonstrated with the visualisation of prescribed quantities of 14 APIs in the Bath and North East Somerset (BANES) region during 2018. Once the APIs list is loaded, the back end retrieves relevant data and populates the graphs based on user-defined data features in real-time. These plots include the prescribed quantity of APIs over a year, by month, and individual API by month, general practice, postcode, and medicinal form. The non-targeted API approach is demonstrated with the visualisation of clarithromycin prescribed quantities at different postcodes in the BANES region.
conclusionPrAna and PrAnaViz enables the analysis of spatio-temporal and long-term trends with prescribed quantities of different APIs by postcode. This can be used as a support tool for policymakers, academics and researchers in public healthcare, and environmental scientist to monitor different group of pharmaceuticals emitted to the environment and for prospective risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in the environment.
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Registered trials
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