ArticleThe Journal of infection2022
Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness and immune response amongst individuals in clinical risk groups.
Article in The Journal of infection, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 75 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
75 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 180 citations in OpenAlex.
- The efficacy and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- The efficacy of COVID-19 vaccination in cystic fibrosis patients: a systematic review.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Prior infections and effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in test-negative studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.American journal of epidemiology · 2024Pooled it
- Risk factors affecting COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness identified from 290 cross-country observational studies until February 2022: a meta-analysis and meta-regression.BMC medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Observational methods for COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness research: an empirical evaluation and target trial emulation.International journal of epidemiology · 2024Trial
- Impact of Vaccination-Differentiated Public Health and Social Measures on Vaccine Uptake Among the Vaccine Hesitant.AJPM focus · 2026Article
- COVID-19 vaccination lowers SARS-CoV-2 infection risk independent of diabetes, cancer and smoking in SHIP-COVID cohort, Northern Germany.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The DESTINIES Study: an online Delphi study to build international consensus on the medical conditions and procedures that confer immunosuppression and their respective COVID-19 risk profiles.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness and Risk Factors of Booster Failure in 480,000 Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A Population-Based Cohort Study.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 immune responses following vaccination with Comirnaty (Pfizer) and Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) in healthy individuals with or without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Enabling genomic surveillance from 30 years of linked English sentinel network data: The Wellcome Quinquagenarian (QQG) Biomedical Resource.Wellcome open research · 2025Article
- Quantifying and Adjusting for Confounding From Health-Seeking Behavior and Health Care Access in Observational Research.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- COVID-19 vaccines are effective at preventing symptomatic and severe infection among healthcare workers: A clinical review.Vaccine: X · 2024Review
- Characteristics of health care workers with SARS-CoV-2 at a COVID-19 hospital in Türkiye: Homologous versus heterologous vaccination.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2024Article
- Creating a Modified Version of the Cambridge Multimorbidity Score to Predict Mortality in People Older Than 16 Years: Model Development and Validation.Journal of medical Internet research · 2024Article
- Validation of an acute respiratory infection phenotyping algorithm to support robust computerised medical record-based respiratory sentinel surveillance, England, 2023.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2024Article
- Epidemiologic and clinical updates on viral infections in Saudi Arabia.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2024Article
- Real-World Assessment of Recommended COVID-19 Vaccination Waiting Period after Chemotherapy.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Article
15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
25 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background COVID-19 vaccines approved in the UK are highly effective in general population cohorts, however, data on effectiveness amongst individuals with clinical conditions that place them at increased risk of severe disease are limited. Methods We used GP electronic health record data, sentinel virology swabbing and antibody testing within a cohort of 712 general practices across England to estimate vaccine antibody response and vaccine effectiveness against medically attended COVID-19 amongst individuals in clinical risk groups using cohort and test-negative case control designs. Findings There was no reduction in S-antibody positivity in most clinical risk groups, however reduced S-antibody positivity and response was significant in the immunosuppressed group. Reduced vaccine effectiveness against clinical disease was also noted in the immunosuppressed group; after a second dose, effectiveness was moderate (Pfizer: 59.6%, 95%CI 18.0-80.1%; AstraZeneca 60.0%, 95%CI -63.6-90.2%). Interpretation In most clinical risk groups, immune response to primary vaccination was maintained and high levels of vaccine effectiveness were seen. Reduced antibody response and vaccine effectiveness were seen after 1 dose of vaccine amongst a broad immunosuppressed group, and second dose vaccine effectiveness was moderate. These findings support maximising coverage in immunosuppressed individuals and the policy of prioritisation of this group for third doses.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.