Trial reportHealth economics2022
Bandwagoning, free-riding and heterogeneity in influenza vaccine decisions: An online experiment.
Trial report in Health economics, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of social norms messaging approaches for improving health behaviours in developed countries.Nature human behaviour · 2025Pooled it
- Bandwagoning, free-riding and heterogeneity in influenza vaccine decisions: An online experiment.Health economics · 2022Trial
- COVID vaccination and economic game decisions: The role of analytical thinking.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Vaccination for adults and their children: insights from survey and experimental data.Health economics review · 2025Article
- Compliance with social norms in the face of risks: Delineating the roles of uncertainty about risk perceptions versus risk perceptions.Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis · 2025Article
- Timing of preventive behavior in the case of a new and evolving health risk: the case of COVID-19 vaccination.Health economics review · 2024Article
- Happiness predicts compliance with preventive health behaviours during Covid-19 lockdowns.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Vaccine-hesitant people misperceive the social norm of vaccination.PNAS nexus · 2023Article
- The Joint Effects of Social Norm Appeals and Fear Appeals in COVID-19 Vaccine Campaign Posters on Self-Perceived Communication Quality and Vaccination Intention.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Anticipation of COVID-19 vaccines reduces willingness to socially distance.Journal of health economics · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
'Nudge'-based social norms messages conveying high population influenza vaccination coverage levels can encourage vaccination due to bandwagoning effects but also discourage vaccination due to free-riding effects on low risk of infection, making their impact on vaccination uptake ambiguous. We develop a theoretical framework to capture heterogeneity around vaccination behaviors, and empirically measure the causal effects of different messages about vaccination coverage rates on four self-reported and behavioral vaccination intention measures. In an online experiment, N = 1365 UK adults are randomly assigned to one of seven treatment groups with different messages about their social environment's coverage rate (varied between 10% and 95%), or a control group with no message. We find that treated groups have significantly greater vaccination intention than the control. Treatment effects increase with the coverage rate up to a 75% level, consistent with a bandwagoning effect. For coverage rates above 75%, the treatment effects, albeit still positive, stop increasing and remain flat (or even decline). Our results suggest that, at higher coverage rates, free-riding behavior may partially crowd out bandwagoning effects of coverage rate messages. We also find significant heterogeneity of these effects depending on the individual perceptions of risks of infection and of the coverage rates.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.