ArticleBrain, behavior, & immunity - health2021
Glucocorticoid production in the thymus and brain: Immunosteroids and neurosteroids.
Article in Brain, behavior, & immunity - health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Coping with stress produces differential systemic and brain corticosterone patterns in female rats.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2026Article
- The roles, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications of glucocorticoids in glucose and lipid metabolism.Military Medical Research · 2026Review
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- Active coping mitigates the effects of stress on glucocorticoid levels in the prefrontal cortex.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025Article
- Lipopolysaccharide differentially alters systemic and brain glucocorticoid levels in neonatal and adult mice.Journal of neuroendocrinology · 2025Article
- Neuroactive steroids in the programming of neurodevelopment: implications of maternal obesity.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
- Dietary Zinc Restriction and Chronic Restraint Stress Affect Mice Physiology, Immune Organ Morphology, and Liver Function.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Induction of Thymus Atrophy and Disruption of Thymocyte Development by Fipronil through Dysregulation of IL-7-Associated Genes.Chemical research in toxicology · 2024Article
- Article
- Neuroinflammation, memory, and depression: new approaches to hippocampal neurogenesis.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2023Review
- Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and psychodermatology.Skin health and disease · 2023Review
- Molecular and Epigenetic Control of Aldosterone Synthase, CYP11B2 and 11-Hydroxylase, CYP11B1.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Steroid hormone signaling: multifaceted support of testicular function.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2023Review
- The Effects of Synbiotics Administration on Stress-Related Parameters in Thai Subjects-A Preliminary Study.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Editorial commentary on the special issue emerging psychoneuroimmunology research: Future leaders in focus.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) regulate a myriad of physiological systems, such as the immune and nervous systems. Systemic GC levels in blood are often measured as an indicator of local GC levels in target organs. However, several extra-adrenal organs can produce and metabolize GCs locally. More sensitive and specific methods for GC analysis (i.e., mass spectrometry) allow measurement of local GC levels in small tissue samples with low GC concentrations. Consequently, is it now apparent that systemic GC levels often do not reflect local GC levels. Here, we review the use of systemic GC measurements in clinical and research settings, discuss instances where systemic GC levels do not reflect local GC levels, and present evidence that local GC levels provide useful insights, with a focus on local GC production in the thymus (immunosteroids) and brain (neurosteroids). Lastly, we suggest key areas for further research, such as the roles of immunosteroids and neurosteroids in neonatal programming and the potential clinical relevance of local GC modulators.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.