ArticleTobacco control2023
Comprehensive Dutch market data analysis shows that e-liquids with nicotine salts have both higher nicotine and flavour concentrations than those with free-base nicotine.
Article in Tobacco control, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand (TSANZ) Guidance for the Management of Electronic Cigarette Use (Vaping) in Adolescents and Adults.Respirology (Carlton, Vic.) · 2025Guideline
- Toxicant Exposures After Switching From Cigarettes to a Pod-Based Electronic Cigarette: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2026Trial
- From liquid to aerosol: an innovative HPLC method sheds light on nicotine salt dynamics of e-cigarettes.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2026Article
- Coolants, organic acids, flavourings and other additives that facilitate inhalation of tobacco and nicotine products: implications for regulation.Tobacco control · 2026Review
- Acute exposure to electronic cigarette components alters mRNA expression of pre-osteoblasts.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2024Article
- Vaping: Public Health, Social Media, and Toxicity.Online journal of public health informatics · 2024Article
- Comparison of brain nicotine accumulation from traditional combustible cigarettes and electronic cigarettes with different formulations.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Article
- Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds and Aroma Sensory Properties in Yunnan Cigar.Journal of analytical methods in chemistry · 2024Article
- Adolescents' Experiences and Perceptions of E-Cigarettes and Nicotine Addiction.Substance use & misuse · 2024Article
- Carbonyls and Aerosol Mass Generation from Vaping Nicotine Salt Solutions Using Fourth- and Third-Generation E-Cigarette Devices: Effects of Coil Resistance, Coil Age, and Coil Metal Material.Chemical research in toxicology · 2023Article
- Quantifying PG : VG ratio and nicotine content in commercially available e-liquids using handheld Raman spectroscopy.The Analyst · 2023Article
- Flavours, ingredients and flavour bans.Tobacco control · 2023Article
- Article
- Dose-response effects of two nicotine salt formulations on electronic cigarette appeal and sensory attributes.Tobacco control · 2023Article
- Pharmacological effects of nicotine salts on dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Article
- Circumventing cigarette regulation: Product characteristics of cigarette-like cigarillos on the Dutch market.Tobacco induced diseases · 2023Article
- The associations between e-liquid characteristics and its pricing: Evidence from online vape shops.PloS one · 2023Article
- Changes in product labelling practices and the use of flavouring chemical additives in vaping products after enactment of statewide flavour legislation.Tobacco control · 2022Article
- Chemosensory Contributions of E-Cigarette Additives on Nicotine Use.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesRecent years have seen an increase in e-liquids containing nicotine salts. Nicotine salts are less harsh and bitter than free-base nicotine and therefore can facilitate inhalation. Because inhalation-facilitating ingredients are banned in the European Union, we assessed the occurrence and characteristics of nicotine salt-containing e-liquids notified for the Netherlands.
methodsWe analysed data for 39 030 products, submitted by manufacturers in the European Union Common Entry Gate system, as extracted on 30 June 2020.
resultsNicotine salts were present in 13% of e-liquids, especially in pod-related e-liquids (73%) and e-liquids registered from 2018 onwards (over 25%). We found six nicotine salt ingredients (NSIs): nicotine lactate, salicylate, benzoate, levulinate, ditartrate and malate. Nicotine salts also occurred as nicotine-organic acid ingredient combination (NAIC), like nicotine and benzoic acid. Nicotine concentrations were twofold higher in e-liquids with NSI (median 14 mg/mL) and NAIC (11 mg/mL) than for free-base nicotine (6 mg/mL). E-liquids with NSI contained a fourfold higher number (median n=17) and concentration (median 31.0 mg/mL) of flavour ingredients than e-liquids with free-base nicotine (n=4, 7.4 mg/mL). In NAIC-containing e-liquids, these were threefold higher (n=12, 21.5 mg/mL). E-liquids with nicotine salts were less often tobacco flavoured but more often had fruity or sweet flavours.
conclusionsA substantial and increasing share of e-liquids in the Netherlands contains nicotine salts. Their characteristics can make such e-liquids more addictive and more attractive, especially to young and beginning users. Policymakers are advised to consider regulating products containing nicotine salts.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.