Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34986807›Full record

ArticleJournal of neurodevelopmental disorders2022

Trajectories of imitation skills in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders.

Irène Pittet, Nada Kojovic, Martina Franchini, Marie Schaer

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
17citing papers in PubMed
4.5field-weighted citation impact, top 4% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

17 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Visual Perspective Taking Training Improves Theory of Mind in Autistic Children.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2026
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  8. Proportion and Profile of Autistic Children Not Acquiring Spoken Language Despite Receiving Evidence-Based Early Interventions.Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology : the official journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53 · 2025
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  10. Adapting measures of motor imitation for use by caregivers in virtual contexts: Reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2025
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  17. Motor performance, praxis, and social skills in autism spectrum disorder and developmental coordination disorder.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2022
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Irène PittetAutism Brain and Behavior (ABB) Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. Irene.Pittet@unige.ch.ORCID 0000-0002-6821-4158
Nada KojovicAutism Brain and Behavior (ABB) Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Martina FranchiniFondation Pôle Autisme, Geneva, Switzerland.
Marie SchaerAutism Brain and Behavior (ABB) Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
University of Geneva · CHFoundation for laboratory medicine · CH

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundImitation skills play a crucial role in social cognitive development from early childhood. Many studies have shown a deficit in imitation skills in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Little is known about the development of imitation behaviors in children with ASD. This study aims to measure the trajectories of early imitation skills in preschoolers with ASD and how these skills impact other areas of early development.

methodsFor this purpose, we assessed imitation, language, and cognition skills in 177 children with ASD and 43 typically developing children (TD) aged 2 to 5 years old, 126 of which were followed longitudinally, yielding a total of 396 time points.

resultsOur results confirmed the presence of an early imitation deficit in toddlers with ASD compared to TD children. The study of the trajectories showed that these difficulties were marked at the age of 2 years and gradually decreased until the age of 5 years old. Imitation skills were strongly linked with cognitive and language skills and level of symptoms in our ASD group at baseline. Moreover, the imitation skills at baseline were predictive of the language gains a year later in our ASD group. Using a data-driven clustering method, we delineated different developmental trajectories of imitation skills within the ASD group.

conclusionsThe clinical implications of the findings are discussed, particularly the impact of an early imitation deficit on other areas of competence of the young child.

Indexed as

Autism Spectrum DisorderChild, PreschoolHumansImitative BehaviorLanguageAutism spectrum disordersDevelopmental trajectoriesHeterogeneityImitation

Identifiers

PMID34986807
PMCPMC8903579
OpenAlexW4221136846

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.