ArticleAddiction (Abingdon, England)2022
A difference-in-difference approach to examining the impact of cannabis legalization on disparities in the use of cigarettes and cannabis in the United States, 2004-17.
Article in Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Is legalization of recreational cannabis associated with levels of use and cannabis use disorder among youth in the United States? A rapid systematic review.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- The clouded debate: A systematic review of comparative longitudinal studies examining the impact of recreational cannabis legalization on key public health outcomes.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- A multi-site study examining the tobacco withdrawal trajectory in people with tobacco and cannabis co-use.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Trial
- Modes of cannabis administration, cannabis and tobacco co-use, and associations with respiratory and cannabis use outcomes in a permissive medical cannabis state.Addictive behaviors · 2026Article
- Determining the impact of cannabis use on tobacco cessation: Results from a prospective non-randomized tobacco treatment trial.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- Changes in Cigarette Smoking Prevalence After Passing a Recreational Cannabis Legalization Law Without Retail Sales: Evidence From Virginia, U.S.AJPM focus · 2026Article
- A cross-sectional analysis of Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data to determine if tobacco and cannabis methods of administration are likely to be consistent across products.Respiratory research · 2026Article
- How Consumers Transition Between Illicit and Legal Cannabis Markets in Early Legalization Periods? Evidence from a National Panel with a Recent Policy Shock.Research square · 2026Article
- Tobacco and Cannabis Co-use by HIV Status Among United States Adults: Results from the 2021-2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health.AIDS and behavior · 2025Article
- Effects of Inhaled Tobacco and Cannabis Co-Use on Respiratory Health and Tobacco Cessation: An Official American Thoracic Society Research Statement.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2025Article
- Medical cannabis legalization and the use of illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco.Journal of cannabis research · 2025Article
- Use of Tobacco and Cannabis Following State-Level Cannabis Legalization.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Cannabis legalization and increasing cannabis use in the United States: Data from urine toxicology testing in emergency room patients.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Article
- Association of Recreational Cannabis Legalization with Frequency of Using Cannabis for Sleep.Journal of psychoactive drugs · 2025Article
- Article
- The effect of smokeless tobacco (SLT) excise taxes on SLT use among youth.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Article
- Urgent need for treatment addressing co-use of tobacco and cannabis: An updated review and considerations for future interventions.Addictive behaviors · 2024Review
- Trends in cannabis and tobacco co-use in the United States, 2002-2021.Addictive behaviors · 2024Article
- Secondhand cannabis smoke exposure and respiratory symptoms among adults living in a state with legalized medical cannabis with limited smoke-free protections.Preventive medicine reports · 2024Article
- Tobacco-cannabis co-use among cancer patients and survivors: findings from 2 US cancer centers.Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
aimsTo estimate the impact of recreational and medical cannabis laws (RCL, MCL) on the use of cannabis and cigarettes in the United States.
designA difference-in-difference approach was applied to data from the 2004-17 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH).
settingUnited States.
participantsNationally representative cross-sectional survey of Americans aged 12 years and older (combined analytical sample for 2004-17, n = 783 663). MEASUREMENTS: Data on past-month use of (1) cigarettes and (2) cannabis were used to classify respondents into four groups: cigarette and cannabis co-use, cigarette-only use, cannabis-only use or no cigarette or cannabis use. State of residence was measured by self-report. MCL/RCL status came from state government websites.
findingsDifference-in-difference analyses suggest that MCL was associated with an increase in cigarette-cannabis co-use overall [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.09; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02-1.16], with the greatest increases among those aged 50 years and above (aOR = 1.60; CI = 1.39-1.84), married (aOR = 1.19; CI = 1.07-1.31), non-Hispanic (NH) black (aOR = 1.14; CI = 1.02-1.07) and with a college degree or above (aOR = 1.15; CI = 1.06-1.24). MCL was associated with increases in cigarette-only use among those aged 50 years and above (aOR = 1.07; CI = 1.01-1.14) and NH black (aOR = 1.16; CI = 1.06-1.27) and increases in cannabis-only use among those aged 50 years and above (aOR = 1.24; CI = 1.07-1.44) and widowed/divorced/separated (aOR = 1.18; CI = 1.01-1.37). RCL was associated with an increase in cannabis-only use overall (aOR = 1.21; 95% CI = 1.09-1.34), a decline in cigarette-only use overall (aOR = 0.89; 95% CI = 0.81-0.97) and increases in co-use among those who were married (aOR = 1.24; CI = 1.02-1.50) and aged 50 years and above (aOR = 1.37; CI = 1.03-1.84).
conclusionsRecreational and medical cannabis legalization have had a varying impact on the use, and co-use, of cannabis and cigarettes in the United States.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.