ArticleVaccine: X2022
Descriptive analysis of routine childhood immunisation timeliness in the Western Cape, South Africa.
Article in Vaccine: X, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Routine immunization uptake and timeliness in young children exposed to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: A secondary analysis of the Tuberculosis Child Multidrug-Resistant Preventive Therapy multi-site randomised controlled trial.BMC global and public health · 2026Article
- Public Health Response to Toxigenic Respiratory Diphtheria Outbreaks at Correctional Facility, South Africa, 2023-2025.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Review
- Routine childhood immunization coverage, timeliness, dropout, and missed opportunities in Northern Ghana: Evidence from a community-based survey in Tamale Metropolis, Ghana.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Observational
- Enhancing the use of routine program data for immunization decision-making: The role of coincidence analysis in localized learning and adaptation.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- A systematic review on factors influencing immunisation adherence among children under 12 years of age.Health SA = SA Gesondheid · 2025Article
- Timeliness of 24 childhood immunisations and evolution of vaccination delay: Analysis of data from 54 low- and middle-income countries.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Determinants of Parents Taking Their Children for Scheduled Vaccinations during COVID-19 Pandemic in South Africa.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Prevalence and factors associated with incomplete immunization among children aged 12 to 35 months in Eswatini: analysis of the Eswatini multiple indicator cluster survey.The Pan African medical journal · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Adherence to recommended age-specific immunisation schedules is critical in ensuring vaccine effectiveness against vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs). There is limited data on immunisation timeliness in sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, this study assessed the timeliness of age-specific routine childhood immunisation within the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Participant records (N = 709) from a prospective health-facility based study conducted in Cape Town, SA in 2012-2016 were analysed. The outcome measure was receiving age-specific immunisations ≥4 weeks of that recommended for age as per the South African Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI-SA) schedule. Proportions, medians, inter-quartile ranges (IQR) and regression were used to obtain the prevalence, time-at-risk, and risk factors for delayed immunisation. A total of 652 /709 (91.9%) participants were eligible. Immunisation coverage declined with age from 94.9% (95% CI 92.9-96.4) at birth to 72.0% (95% CI 65.7-77.6) at 18 months. The highest delay in the uptake of vaccine doses was observed among the 3 rd dose of the DTP vaccine [163 (34.6% (95% CI 30.3-39.1)], while the lowest was seen among BCG [40 (6.5% (95% CI 4.7-8.8)]. The longest median time-at-risk of VPDs was among the 2 nd dose of the measles vaccine [12.9 (IQR 6.7-38.6) weeks] and the lowest was OPV birth dose [IQR 6.3 (5.3-9.1) weeks]. Low and upper-middle socio-economic quartiles were associated with delayed uptake of vaccine doses. Delayed vaccination increases the time of susceptibility to VPDs during infancy and childhood. There is a need to develop strategies aimed at mitigating factors associated with delay in uptake of routine childhood vaccines in the Western Cape. Mitigation strategies should provide vaccine education and mobile reminder systems. Education about timely vaccine uptake will aid in the provision of informed council from healthcare providers to caregivers. Multiple reminder systems could cater for low network coverage areas and caregivers with busy schedules.
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