Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34983850›Full record

ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2022

Evolution of cooperation with asymmetric social interactions.

Qi Su, Benjamin Allen, Joshua B Plotkin

Open access · hybridAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
21citing papers in PubMed
24.6field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

21 citing papers in PubMed, 93 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Hyperedge approximation for stochastic processes on higher-order networks.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
  2. Article
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  4. Article
  5. Behavioral alignment in social networks.National science review · 2025
    Article
  6. Article
  7. Density amplifiers of cooperation for spatial games.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024
    Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Can institutions foster cooperation by wealth redistribution?Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2024
    Article
  12. Article
  13. Symmetry in models of natural selection.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2023
    Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Reproductive variance can drive behavioral dynamics.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023
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  18. Article
  19. Review
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Qi SuDepartment of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; qisu1991@sas.upenn.edu jplotkin@sas.upenn.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-6490-686X
Benjamin AllenDepartment of Mathematics, Emmanuel College, Boston, MA 02115.ORCID 0000-0002-9746-7613
Joshua B PlotkinDepartment of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; qisu1991@sas.upenn.edu jplotkin@sas.upenn.edu.ORCID 0000-0003-2349-6304
University of Pennsylvania · USEmmanuel College - Massachusetts · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

How cooperation emerges in human societies is both an evolutionary enigma and a practical problem with tangible implications for societal health. Population structure has long been recognized as a catalyst for cooperation because local interactions facilitate reciprocity. Analysis of population structure typically assumes bidirectional social interactions. But human social interactions are often unidirectional-where one individual has the opportunity to contribute altruistically to another, but not conversely-as the result of organizational hierarchies, social stratification, popularity effects, and endogenous mechanisms of network growth. Here we expand the theory of cooperation in structured populations to account for both uni- and bidirectional social interactions. Even though unidirectional interactions remove the opportunity for reciprocity, we find that cooperation can nonetheless be favored in directed social networks and that cooperation is provably maximized for networks with an intermediate proportion of unidirectional interactions, as observed in many empirical settings. We also identify two simple structural motifs that allow efficient modification of interaction directions to promote cooperation by orders of magnitude. We discuss how our results relate to the concepts of generalized and indirect reciprocity.

Indexed as

Cooperative BehaviorModels, TheoreticalSocial InteractionSocial NetworkingHumansasymmetric relationshipscooperationdirected graphsevolutionary game theory

Identifiers

PMID34983850
PMCPMC8740725
OpenAlexW3157832204

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.