Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34982819›Full record

Trial reportThe American journal of clinical nutrition2022

Vitamin D supplementation and prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer in the Finnish Vitamin D Trial: a randomized controlled trial.

Jyrki K Virtanen, Tarja Nurmi, Antti Aro, Elizabeth R Bertone-Johnson, Elina Hyppönen, Heikki Kröger, Christel Lamberg-Allardt, JoAnn E Manson, Jaakko Mursu, Pekka Mäntyselkä and 5 more

Open access · hybridAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
61citing papers in PubMed, 8 pooled it
12.0field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

61 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 110 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
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  4. Pooled it
  5. Efficacy of vitamin DAgeing research reviews · 2023
    Pooled it
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  7. Pooled it
  8. Pooled it
  9. The Effect of Vitamin DJournal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2026
    Trial
  10. Trial
  11. The effect of vitamin DDiabetologia · 2025
    Trial
  12. Review
  13. Article
  14. Review
  15. [Interpretation of the Expert Consensus Statement on the Role of Vitamin D in Metabolic Health].Zhongguo xiu fu chong jian wai ke za zhi = Zhongguo xiufu chongjian waike zazhi = Chinese journal of reparative and reconstructive surgery · 2026
    Article
  16. Review
  17. Review
  18. Review
  19. Review
  20. Article

1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.

Jyrki K VirtanenInstitute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.ORCID 0000-0002-0648-999X
Tarja NurmiInstitute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Antti AroIndependent scientist, Kangasala, Finland.
Elizabeth R Bertone-JohnsonDepartment of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
Elina HyppönenAustralian Centre for Precision Health, Unit of Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
Heikki KrögerInstitute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Christel Lamberg-AllardtDepartment of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID 0000-0001-7326-1904
JoAnn E MansonDepartment of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Jaakko MursuInstitute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Pekka MäntyselkäInstitute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Sakari SuominenDepartment of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
Matti UusitupaInstitute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Ari VoutilainenInstitute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Tomi-Pekka TuomainenInstitute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Sari HantunenInstitute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
University of Eastern Finland · FIBrigham and Women's Hospital · USUniversity of Helsinki · FIUniversity of Massachusetts Amherst · USUniversity of South Australia · AUUniversity of Turku · FI

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundVitamin D insufficiency is associated with risks of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and cancer in observational studies, but evidence for benefits with vitamin D supplementation is limited.

objectivesTo investigate the effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on CVD and cancer incidences.

methodsThe study was a 5-year, randomized, placebo-controlled trial among 2495 male participants ≥60 years and post-menopausal female participants ≥65 years from a general Finnish population who were free of prior CVD or cancer. The study had 3 arms: placebo, 1600 IU/day, or 3200 IU/day vitamin D3. Follow-up was by annual study questionnaires and national registry data. A representative subcohort of 551 participants had more detailed in-person investigations. The primary endpoints were incident major CVD and invasive cancer. Secondary endpoints included the individual components of the primary CVD endpoint (myocardial infarction, stroke, and CVD mortality), site-specific cancers, and cancer death.

resultsDuring the follow-up, there were 41 (4.9%), 42 (5.0%), and 36 (4.3%) major CVD events in the placebo, 1600 IU/d (compared with placebo: HR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.63-1.49; P = 0.89), and 3200 IU/d (HR: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.54-1.31; P = 0.44) arms, respectively. Invasive cancer was diagnosed in 41 (4.9%), 48 (5.8%), and 40 (4.8%) participants in the placebo, 1600 IU/d (HR: 1.14; 95% CI: 0.75-1.72; P = 0.55), and 3200 IU/d (HR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.61-1.47; P = 0.81) arms, respectively. There were no significant differences in the secondary endpoints or total mortality. In the subcohort, the mean baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was 75 nmol/L (SD, 18 nmol/L). After 12 months, the concentrations were 73 nmol/L (SD, 18 nmol/L), 100 nmol/L (SD, 21 nmol/L), and 120 nmol/L (SD, 22 nmol/L) in the placebo, 1600 IU/d, and 3200 IU/d arms, respectively.

conclusionsVitamin D3 supplementation did not lower the incidences of major CVD events or invasive cancer among older adults, possibly due to sufficient vitamin D status in most participants at baseline.

Indexed as

Cardiovascular DiseasesNeoplasmsVitamin D DeficiencyAgedCholecalciferolDietary SupplementsDouble-Blind MethodFemaleFinlandHumansMaleVitamin DVitaminsCholecalciferolVitamin DVitaminscancercardiovascular diseaseelderlyrandomized controlled trialsupplementation studyvitamin D

Identifiers

PMID34982819
PMCPMC9071497
OpenAlexW4206763369

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.