Trial reportThe Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association2023
The Cleft Lip Education with Augmented Reality (CLEAR) VR Phase 2 Trial: A Pilot Randomized Crossover Trial of a Novel Patient Information Leaflet.
Trial report in The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- 3D Telemedicine Outperforms 2D Telemedicine: A Randomized Crossover Trial in Reconstructive Plastic Surgery.Plastic and reconstructive surgery · 2026Trial
- Extended Reality in Neurosurgery : Surgical Planning, Navigation, Education, and Patient Communication.Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society · 2026Article
- Uses of augmented reality in surgical consent and patient education - A systematic review.PLOS digital health · 2025Article
- Artificial Intelligence Applications in Pediatric Craniofacial Surgery.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Improving Patient Education Using Augmented Reality for Spine Fractures: Feasibility Study and Review of Literature.Journal of medical extended reality · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe Cleft Lip Education with Augmented Reality (CLEAR) project centers around the use of augmented reality (AR) in patient leaflets, as a visual means to overcome the "health literacy" gap. This trial followed Virtual Reality (VR CORE) guidelines for VR Phase 2 (Pilot) trials.
methodsParticipants included families of children treated for Cleft Lip and Palate at the Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow. Interventions were AR leaflet or Traditional Leaflet. Objectives were to calculate sample sizes, assess outcome instruments, trial design, and acceptability to patients. Primary outcome measure was Mental Effort Rating Scale, and secondary outcomes were Patient Satisfaction (Visual Analogue Scale), Usefulness Scale for Patient Information Material (USE) scale, and Instructional Materials Motivation Survey (IMMS). Randomization was by block randomization. The trial was single blinded with assessors blinded to group assignment.
results12 Participants were randomized, with crossover design permitting analysis of 12 per group. Primary outcome with Mental Effort Rating Scale indicated higher mental effort with Traditional compared to AR Leaflet (4.75 vs 2.00,
conclusionsThe CLEAR pilot trial provides early evidence of clinical efficacy of AR leaflets in patient education. It is hoped that this will provide a future paradigm shift in the way patient education is delivered.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.