ArticleJournal of general internal medicine2022
Association of Vitamin D Status and COVID-19-Related Hospitalization and Mortality.
Article in Journal of general internal medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- Lower Serum Magnesium Is Associated with Mortality in Severe COVID-19: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Trial.Biological trace element research · 2025Trial
- Randomized trial of influence of vitamin D on the prevention and improvement of symptomatic COVID-19.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Trial
- [Optimal serum 25(OH)D levels in relation to musculoskeletal, metabolic, neurological, autoimmune and infectious diseases].Problemy endokrinologii · 2026Review
- Vitamin D Status and Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections in the Borriana COVID-19 Cohort: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Vitamin D status in children with COVID-19: does it affect the development of long COVID and its symptoms?Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
- Correlation between rs7041 and rs4588 polymorphisms in vitamin D binding protein gene and COVID-19-related severity and mortality.BMC medical genomics · 2024Article
- Unveiling the Interplay-Vitamin D and ACE-2 Molecular Interactions in Mitigating Complications and Deaths from SARS-CoV-2.Biology · 2024Review
- Associations between pre-infection serum vitamin D concentrations and Omicron COVID-19 incidence, severity and reoccurrence in elderly individuals.Public health nutrition · 2024Article
- Assessment of Supplementation with Different Biomolecules in the Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19.Nutrients · 2024Review
- High-dose vitamin D supplementation in patients with COVID-19: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Food science & nutrition · 2024Article
- A case of vitiligo after COVID-19 vaccination: a possible role of thymic dysfunction.Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B · 2023Article
- Neuroimmunological Effect of Vitamin D on Neuropsychiatric Long COVID Syndrome: A Review.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Low vitamin D levels predict outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with both severe and non-severe disease at hospitalization.Endocrine · 2023Article
- Calcifediol: a review of its pharmacological characteristics and clinical use in correcting vitamin D deficiency.European journal of nutrition · 2023Review
- Guidelines for Preventing and Treating Vitamin D Deficiency: A 2023 Update in Poland.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Effect of Vitamin DMicroorganisms · 2023Article
- COVID-19: Reducing the risk via diet and lifestyle.Journal of integrative medicine · 2023Review
- Shedding light on the next pandemic path, from outpatient to ICU, the effect of vitamin D deficiency in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Article
- Novel antioxidant protein target therapy to counter the prevalence and severity of SARS-CoV-2.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe relationship between vitamin D status and COVID-19-related clinical outcomes is controversial. Prior studies have been conducted in smaller, single-site, or homogeneous populations limiting adjustments for social determinants of health (race/ethnicity and poverty) common to both vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 outcomes.
objectiveTo evaluate the dose-response relationship between continuous 25(OH)D and risk for COVID-19-related hospitalization and mortality after adjusting for covariates associated with both vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 outcomes.
designRetrospective cohort study. PATIENTS: Veteran patients receiving care in US Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) health care facilities with a positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) test and a blood 25(OH)D test between February 20, 2020, and November 8, 2020, followed for up to 60 days. MAIN MEASURES: Exposure was blood 25(OH)D concentration ascertained closest to and within 15 to 90 days preceding an index positive SARS-CoV-2 test. Co-primary study outcomes were COVID-19-related inpatient hospitalization requiring airborne, droplet, contact, or other isolation and mortality ascertained within 60 days of an index positive SARS-CoV-2 test. KEY
resultsOf 4,599 veterans with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test, vitamin D deficiency (< 20 ng/mL) was identified in 665 (14.5%); 964 (21.0%) were hospitalized; and 340 (7.4%) died. After adjusting for all covariates, including race/ethnicity and poverty, there was a significant independent inverse dose-response relationship between increasing continuous 25(OH)D concentrations (from 15 to 60 ng/mL) and decreasing probability of COVID-19-related hospitalization (from 24.1 to 18.7%, p=0.009) and mortality (from 10.4 to 5.7%, p=0.001). In modeling 25(OH)D as a log-transformed continuous variable, the greatest risk for hospitalization and death was observed at lower 25(OH)D concentrations.
conclusionsContinuous blood 25(OH)D concentrations are independently associated with COVID-19-related hospitalization and mortality in an inverse dose-response relationship in this large racially and ethnically diverse cohort of VA patients. Randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate the impact of vitamin D supplementation on COVID-19-related outcomes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.