ReviewBMJ open2022
Estimands: bringing clarity and focus to research questions in clinical trials.
Review in BMJ open, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06567340 (StratCare Trial 2), which is not on this map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
StratCare Trial 2: Evaluating the Clinical and Cost-effectiveness of AI-driven Stratified Care for Depression
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Treatment effect modifiers of cognitive behaviour therapy in people with psychosis: an individual participant data meta-analysis of RCTs.Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) · 2025Pooled it
- Compression therapies for venous leg ulcers: The VENous Ulcer Study 6 (VenUS 6), an open, multicentre, randomised clinical trial.PLoS medicine · 2026Trial
- A digital intervention to improve mental health and interpersonal resilience in young people who have experienced technology-assisted sexual abuse: a feasibility clinical trial.Child and adolescent mental health · 2026Trial
- Provision of knee bracing for knee osteoarthritis (PROP OA): multicentre, parallel group, superiority, statistician blinded, randomised controlled trial.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2026Trial
- Tirzepatide 10 and 15 mg versus semaglutide 2.4 mg in people with obesity or overweight with type 2 diabetes: An indirect treatment comparison.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025 · on this mapTrial
- Lactation-focused audio relaxation versus standard care for mothers of very preterm infants (the EXPRESS randomised clinical trial).Pediatric research · 2025Trial
- The UK resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta in trauma patients with life-threatening torso haemorrhage: the (UK-REBOA) multicentre RCT.Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) · 2024Trial
- Informative cluster size in cluster-randomised trials: A case study from the TRIGGER trial.Clinical trials (London, England) · 2023Trial
- Using modified intention-to-treat as a principal stratum estimator for failure to initiate treatment.Clinical trials (London, England) · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Article
- Hydrogels in the Management of Peripheral Venous Disease: Bridging Material Design and Clinical Evidence.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Making Sense of Hierarchical Composite End Points in Randomized Clinical Trials-A Primer for Infectious Diseases Clinicians and Researchers.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Review
- Review
- Analysis and Reporting of Randomized Trials in Cleft Palate Surgery: Learning from the Timing of Primary Surgery (TOPS) Trial.The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association · 2025Article
- Article
- A review of the statistical analysis of randomised controlled trials conducted within OCTRU.Trials · 2025Review
- Strengthening health technology assessment for cancer treatments in Europe by integrating causal inference and target trial emulation.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2025Review
- Core outcome sets in cancer clinical trials: current status and future opportunities-an EORTC perspective.Trials · 2025Article
- Is inverse probability of censoring weighting a safer choice than per-protocol analysis in clinical trials?Statistical methods in medical research · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Precise specification of the research question and associated treatment effect of interest is essential in clinical research, yet recent work shows that they are often incompletely specified. The ICH E9 (R1) Addendum on Estimands and Sensitivity Analysis in Clinical Trials introduces a framework that supports researchers in precisely and transparently specifying the treatment effect they aim to estimate in their clinical trial. In this paper, we present practical examples to demonstrate to all researchers involved in clinical trials how estimands can help them to specify the research question, lead to a better understanding of the treatment effect to be estimated and hence increase the probability of success of the trial.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.