SynthesisBMJ open diabetes research & care2022
Time in range, as measured by continuous glucose monitor, as a predictor of microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review.
Synthesis in BMJ open diabetes research & care, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 80 citations in OpenAlex.
- The therapeutic efficacy of continuous glucose monitoring in diabetes: an updated meta-analysis with meta-regression.Endocrine · 2025Pooled it
- Effectiveness of continuous glucose monitoring in patient management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: an umbrella review of systematic reviews from 2011 to 2024.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2024Pooled it
- Mulberry Twig Alkaloids Combined With Insulin Infusion: Effects on Blood Glucose Variability in Type 2 Diabetes.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2026Trial
- Long-term effects of a multidomain intervention on cognitive function and metabolic control in older adults with type 2 diabetes and mild cognitive impairment: A 42-month follow-up of the J-MIND-Diabetes study.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Trial
- DASH4D diet for glycemic control and glucose variability in type 2 diabetes: a randomized crossover trial.Nature medicine · 2025Trial
- Impact of baseline alanine aminotransferase levels on the efficacy of dapagliflozin and sitagliptin: Latent class analysis from the DIVERSITY-CVR study.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Ultra-processed foods and continuous glucose monitoring metrics in adults with type 2 diabetes.Diabetes research and clinical practice · 2026Article
- Article
- Comparative Evaluation of Traditional and Emerging Glycemic Biomarkers in Diabetes.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Impact of User Responses to Smart MDI Notifications: Insights From a Longitudinal Real-World Study of 2604 Smart MDI System Users.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Associations Between Sleep Quality and Continuous Glucose Monitoring-Derived Metrics in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes.Journal of sleep research · 2026Article
- Time in Range and Adverse Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes: A Quantitative Synthesis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Is time in range an independent predictor of early diabetic kidney disease beyond HbA1c?International urology and nephrology · 2026Article
- Association between time in range and incident early diabetic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study.International urology and nephrology · 2026Article
- A Hospital-Wide informatized glycemic management Team(WH-GMT) improves perioperative outcomes in type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort study.Endocrine · 2026Article
- The combined impact of time in range and HOMA-IR on neonatal outcomes in gestational diabetes mellitus: A retrospective cohort study.Medicine · 2026Article
- Association of 14-day continuous glucose monitoring-derived postprandial hyperglycemic area with 6-month change in urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Impact of continuous glucose monitoring on glycaemic risk index in adults with type 1 diabetes using multiple daily insulin injections in the GOLD trial.Frontiers in clinical diabetes and healthcare · 2026Article
- Nutrient metabolic heterogeneity across renal stages in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic kidney disease.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)-derived time in range (TIR) correlates with hemoglobin A1c (A1c) among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, there is a paucity of data evaluating its association with microvascular complications. We conducted this systematic review to examine the association between TIR and microvascular complications of diabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetic nephropathy (DN), and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). We conducted a comprehensive literature search on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science online databases following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Full-text original articles that evaluated the association between CGM-derived TIR and risk of microvascular complications and were published between 2010 and June 2021 were included in our systematic review. The quality of the included studies was evaluated using the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. Data were analyzed using qualitative synthesis. Eleven studies on a total of 13 987 patients were included in the systematic review. The median sample size, baseline A1c, and diabetes duration were 466 patients (range: 105-5901), 8.2% (SD 0.5%), and 11.3 years (1.0), respectively. Majority of the studies were conducted in Asia (10 out of 11). Four studies evaluated the relationship between CGM-derived TIR and DR and CGM-derived TIR and DN, while seven studies evaluated the relationship between CGM-derived TIR and DPN. A 10% increase in TIR was associated with a reduction in albuminuria, severity of DR, and prevalence of DPN and cardiac autonomic neuropathy. In addition, an association was observed between urinary albumin to creatinine ratio but not with estimated glomerular filtration rate. This review summarizes recent evidence supporting an association between CGM-derived TIR and microvascular complications among patients with T2DM. A larger-scale multicenter investigation that includes more diverse participants is warranted to further validate the utility of TIR as a predictor of diabetic microvascular complications.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.