Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34976700›Full record

ArticlePreventive medicine reports2021

Persistent racial disparities in cervical cancer screening with Pap test.

Cassidi C McDaniel, Hayleigh H Hallam, Tiffany Cadwallader, Hee Yun Lee, Chiahung Chou

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Preventive medicine reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
36citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

36 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  18. Sociocultural correlates of cervical cancer prevention behaviors among Hispanic/Latina women in the United States.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Cassidi C McDanielAuburn University, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Department of Health Outcomes Research and Policy, 4306 Walker Building, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
Hayleigh H HallamAuburn University, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Department of Health Outcomes Research and Policy, 4306 Walker Building, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
Tiffany CadwalladerAuburn University, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Department of Health Outcomes Research and Policy, 4306 Walker Building, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
Hee Yun LeeSchool of Social Work, The University of Alabama, 1022 Little Hall Box 870314, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
Chiahung ChouAuburn University, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Department of Health Outcomes Research and Policy, 4306 Walker Building, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.

Funding

NRSA Training CoreTL1TR003106 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM · PI SAAG, KENNETH G · 2019 to 2023
$3.7M
NCATS NIH HHS TL1 TR003106
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Given the racial disparities in cervical cancer screening, incidence, and mortality, the purpose of this study was to estimate cervical cancer screening behaviors through self-reported Pap testing among racial groups in the U.S. This cross-sectional study utilized the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data to compare Pap testing behaviors among women of different racial groups. The BRFSS data from 2014, 2016, and 2018 were chosen because these were the most recent years of data capturing cervical cancer screening information. The primary outcome was self-reported Pap testing behavior (yes/no). Racial groups were analyzed with the original categorical responses for the race/ethnicity variable to investigate Pap testing behaviors across all racial groups. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and a multivariable binomial logistic regression model to assess differences of Pap testing by race after adjusting for covariates. Among the 538,218 females included, 88.81% (95% CI: 88.60-89.03) reported receiving a Pap test. Pap testing behaviors differed significantly between racial groups in 2014, 2016, and 2018 (p < 0.001 for all years). Compared to White women, Asians (OR: 0.169, 95% CI: 0.149-0.191), Native Hawaiians/other Pacific Islanders (OR: 0.339, 95% CI: 0.249-0.462), American Indians or Alaskan Natives (OR: 0.664, 95% CI: 0.532-0.829), Hispanics (OR: 0.726, 95% CI: 0.670-0.786), and other non-Hispanic races (OR: 0.439, 95% CI: 0.323-0.598) were significantly less likely to receive Pap test. Racial disparities in cervical cancer screening with Pap tests exist for Asians, Native Hawaiians/other Pacific Islanders, American Indians or Alaskan Natives, Hispanics, and other non-Hispanics.

Indexed as

Cervical cancer screeningHealth disparitiesPap testRacial disparitiesWomen’s health

Identifiers

PMID34976700
PMCPMC8684022

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.