A genome-wide scan to locate regions associated with familial vesicoureteral reflux.

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a congenital malformation carrying a high risk of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI) and, at worst, chronic renal failure. Familial clustering implies a genetic etiology, but studies during the past few decades have demonstrated a causal gene variant in <10% of patients with VUR. The aim of the present study was to search for fully or partially shared ancestral haplotypes in 14 families from south-western Sweden with at least three affected members. High-density single nucleotide polymorphism microarray was used for genotyping prior to analysis with a compatibility matching method developed in-house, and the analysis of copy number variations (CNV). No single unique haplotype was revealed to be shared by the families, thereby excluding a common ancestry and founder mutations as a probable cause of VUR. After evaluation of haplotypes shared by subsets of families, a haplotype shared by nine families was found to be of particular interest. This haplotype, located at chromosomal region 4q21.21, harbours two tentative candidate genes (bone morphogenetic protein 3 and fibroblast growth factor 5), both expressed in metanephros and with known functions during nephrogenesis. As to CNV, only one family had a specific CNV shared by all affected members. This was a focal deletion at 5q31.1 including follistatin-like 4, a gene without a previous known connection to VUR. These data demonstrated the genetic heterogeneity of VUR and indicated that an interaction of environmental and genetic factors, including non-coding and epigenetic regulators, all contribute to the complexity of VUR.