ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
Cholesterol-Rich Lipid Rafts as Platforms for SARS-CoV-2 Entry.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 108 citations in OpenAlex.
- Smoking and vaping alter genes related to mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The European respiratory journal · 2024Pooled it
- The rationale for the treatment of long-Covid symptoms - A cardiologist's view.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Intestinal oxysterol remodeling underlies severe COVID-19 in an aged hamster model.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Brain corticogenesis promotes SARS-CoV-2 neuro-glial tropism through lipid-dependent viral replication.Stem cell reports · 2026Article
- The cholesterol transporter Niemann-Pick C1 facilitates the entry of porcine epidemic diarrhea coronavirus.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- RPSA enhances African swine fever virus entry via caveola-mediated endocytic pathway.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Molecular mechanism of cholesterol-dependent membrane fusion in SARS-CoV-2 entry.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- Construction of a novel AIE NIR fluorescence probe for monitoring lipid droplet dynamics during drug intervention and identification of disease models.Mikrochimica acta · 2026Article
- Selective Budding of SARS-CoV-Like Particles from Glycolipid-Enriched Membrane Lipid Rafts and Host Gene Modulation.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- The Enigmatic Conserved Q134-F135-N137 Triad in SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein: A Conformational Transducer?Biomolecules · 2026Review
- From Uptake to Therapeutic Function in Engineered Exosome Delivery Systems.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Review
- The Selective DHCR24 Blocker SH42 Inhibits ACE2 Binding and Cellular Entry of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins More Efficiently Than Atorvastatin.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Article
- Bovine coronavirus enters HRT-18 cells via membrane fusion and clathrin-mediated endocytosis in a low pH-, dynamin-, cholesterol-, microtubule-, Rab7-, and Rab11-dependent manner.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Fisetin as an Antiviral Agent Targeting the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase of SARS-CoV-2: Computational Prediction and In Vitro Experimental Validation.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- COVID-19 and dysregulated cholesterol levels in Type I and Type II diabetes: focus on the difference.Biologia futura · 2025Review
- Metabolic Reprogramming in Respiratory Viral Infections: A Focus on SARS-CoV-2, Influenza, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Fatty Acids and Inflammatory Protein Biomarkers From Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 entry and fusion are independent of ACE2 localization to lipid rafts.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Phenotypic switch of vascular smooth muscle cells in COVID-19: Role of cholesterol, calcium, and phosphate.Journal of cellular physiology · 2024Review
- Cholesterol and Cholesterol-Lowering Medications in COVID-19-An Unresolved Matter.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Since its appearance, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), the causal agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), represents a global problem for human health that involves the host lipid homeostasis. Regarding, lipid rafts are functional membrane microdomains with highly and tightly packed lipid molecules. These regions enriched in sphingolipids and cholesterol recruit and concentrate several receptors and molecules involved in pathogen recognition and cellular signaling. Cholesterol-rich lipid rafts have multiple functions for viral replication; however, their role in SARS-CoV-2 infection remains unclear. In this review, we discussed the novel evidence on the cholesterol-rich lipid rafts as a platform for SARS-CoV-2 entry, where receptors such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2), heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), human Toll-like receptors (TLRs), transmembrane serine proteases (TMPRSS), CD-147 and HDL-scavenger receptor B type 1 (SR-B1) are recruited for their interaction with the viral spike protein. FDA-approved drugs such as statins, metformin, hydroxychloroquine, and cyclodextrins (methyl-β-cyclodextrin) can disrupt cholesterol-rich lipid rafts to regulate key molecules in the immune signaling pathways triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Taken together, better knowledge on cholesterol-rich lipid rafts in the SARS-CoV-2-host interactions will provide valuable insights into pathogenesis and the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.