ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
Immunotherapy for Refractory Autoimmune Encephalitis.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy of efgartigimod in the treatment of autoimmune encephalitis: a systematic review.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Pooled it
- Cell-based immunotherapy for neurodegenerative disease: A promising avenue.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Effectiveness and safety of efgartigimod in patients with anti-NMDAR or anti-LGI1 encephalitis and itsNeuroprotection (Chichester, England) · 2026Article
- The role of CSF IL-6 levels in diagnosis and outcome prediction of autoimmune encephalitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Autoimmune inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system: advances in clinical trials and immunotherapeutic strategies.Reumatologia · 2026Review
- Behavioral and autonomic manifestations of suspected focal impaired awareness seizures supported by interictal electroencephalographic findings in three dogs: a case series.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Preliminary observations on the efficacy of efgartigimod in anti-LGI1-associated autoimmune encephalitis.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2026Article
- Intrathecal treatment of Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor encephalitis: a promising approach for refractory cases.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Review
- Efgartigimod as a Fast-Acting Add-On Therapy in Antibody-Mediated Autoimmune Encephalitis.European journal of neurology · 2025Article
- A case of Hashimoto's encephalopathy mimicking posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome.Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea) · 2025Article
- A Phase-2B Double-Blind Randomized International Prospective Trial of Inebilizumab in NMDAR Encephalitis: The ExTINGUISH Trial.Neurology open access · 2025Article
- Efficacy of rituximab as second-line therapy for autoimmune encephalitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Heliyon · 2025Article
- Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for predicting immunotherapy response in autoimmune encephalitis.American journal of translational research · 2025Article
- Natural autoantibodies and their functional therapeutic roles in intravenous immunoglobulin.Frontiers in aging · 2025Review
- Clinical and diagnostic characteristics of Hashimoto's encephalopathy: a single-center, retrospective study.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2024Article
- Successful pregnancy after cyclophosphamide therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2024Article
- Case report: Rapid recovery after intrathecal rituximab administration in refractory anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: report of two cases.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Prognostic factors and treatment outcomes in pediatric autoimmune encephalitis: a multicenter study.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
- Refractory anti-NMDAR encephalitis with multiple nosocomial infections: optimizing the therapeutical options.Neurodegenerative disease management · 2024Article
- Autism spectrum disorder and a possible role of anti-inflammatory treatments: experience in the pediatric allergy/immunology clinic.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is an immune-mediated disease involving the central nervous system, usually caused by antigen-antibody reactions. With the advent of autoantibody-associated diseases, AE has become a hot research frontier in neuroimmunology. The first-line conventional treatments of autoimmune encephalitis consist of steroids, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), plasma exchange (PLEX), and second-line therapy includes rituximab. Despite considerable research and expanding clinical experience, current treatments are still ineffective for a significant number of patients. Although there is no clear consensus, clinical trial evidence limited, and the level of evidence for some of the drugs based on single reports, third-line therapy is a viable alternative for refractory encephalitis patients. With the current rapid research progress, a breakthrough in the treatment of AE is critical. This article aims to review the third-line therapy for refractory AE.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.