ArticleFrontiers in immunology2021
CSF-Neurofilament Light Chain Levels in NMDAR and LGI1 Encephalitis: A National Cohort Study.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neuroglial biomarkers in autoimmune encephalitis: advances in diagnosis, prognosis, and pathophysiological insights.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Pooled it
- Neurofilament light chain levels in neuronal surface antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Translational psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- MR Imaging Findings in Anti-Leucine-Rich Glioma Inactivated Protein 1 Encephalitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology · 2024Pooled it
- Kappa Free Light Chain for Diagnosis and Neurofilament Light Chain for Prognosis in Autoimmune Encephalitis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Observational
- Screening 1021 Swedish memory clinic visitors for autoantibody-mediated encephalitis.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Intrathecal immunoglobulin production in the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2026Review
- Neuronal autoantibodies in neurodegenerative dementia: From evidence to clinical framework.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2026Review
- Neuroglial markers of damage in autoimmune neurology.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2026Review
- Case Report: Anti-LGI1 encephalitis during FcRn inhibition with efgartigimod for myasthenia gravis: implications for the limitations of IgG recycling blockade.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Cytokine, Chemokine, and Neurofilament Light Chain Signatures in LGI1 Autoimmune Encephalitis.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2025Article
- CSF Beta-Synuclein, SNAP-25, and Neurogranin in Infectious and Autoimmune Inflammatory Neurologic Diseases.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Serum Autoantibody Titers and Neurofilament Light Chain Levels in CASPR2/LGI1 Encephalitis: A Longitudinal Study.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Role of soluble biomarkers in treating multiple sclerosis and neuroinflammatory conditions.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2025Review
- Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein Reflects Disease Activity in Autoimmune Encephalitis.European journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Long-term outcomes in leucine-rich glioma inactivated-1 autoimmune encephalitis and associated biomarkers of inflammation and neuronal and glial injury.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Emerging Biomarkers for the Early Detection of Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Narrative Review.Cureus · 2024Review
- Cerebral clues: serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) as a novel biomarker for immune check point inhibitor (ICI) mediated seronegative encephalitis.Oxford medical case reports · 2024Article
- Neurofilaments as biomarkers in neurological disorders - towards clinical application.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2024Review
- CSF Findings in Chinese Patients with NMDAR, LGI1 and GABABR Antibody-Associated Encephalitis.Journal of inflammation research · 2024Article
- Autoimmune encephalitis: recent clinical and biological advances.Journal of neurology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The two most common autoimmune encephalitides (AE), Methods: Patients were included from the National Danish AE cohort (2009-present) and diagnosed based upon autoantibody positivity and diagnostic consensus criteria. CSF-NfL was analyzed by single molecule array technology. Clinical and diagnostic information was retrospectively evaluated and related to NfL levels at baseline and follow-up. NMDAR-AE patients were subdivided into: idiopathic/teratoma associated or secondary NMDAR-AE (post-viral or concomitant with malignancies/demyelinating disease). Results: A total of 74 CSF samples from 53 AE patients (37 NMDAR and 16 LGI1 positive) were included in the study. Longitudinal CSF-NfL levels was measured in 21 patients. Median follow-up time was 23.8 and 43.9 months for NMDAR and LGI1-AE respectively. Major findings of this study are: i) CSF-NfL levels were higher in LGI1-AE than in idiopathic/teratoma associated NMDAR-AE at diagnosis; ii) CSF-NfL levels in NMDAR-AE patients distinguished idiopathic/teratoma cases from cases with other underlying etiologies (post-viral or malignancies/demyelinating diseases) and iii) Elevated CSF-NfL at diagnosis seems to be associated with worse long-term disease outcomes in both NMDAR and LGI1-AE. Discussion: CSF-NfL measurement may be beneficial as a prognostic biomarker in NMDAR and LGI1-AE, and high CSF-NfL could foster search for underlying etiologies in NMDAR-AE. Further studies on larger cohorts, using standardized methods, are warranted.
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