ReviewNature reviews. Microbiology2022
Biology and evolution of bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems.
Review in Nature reviews. Microbiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 266 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
266 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 447 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evolutionary dynamics and research hotspots of phage applications againstFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Pooled it
- Article
- The role of toxin-antitoxin systems inJournal of bacteriology · 2026Review
- The shared evolutionary capacities of plasmids and extrachromosomal DNA.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2026Review
- Acquisition and erosion of toxin-antitoxin systems in bacterial chromosomes.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Association ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Spatiotemporal coordination of virulence, metabolism, and stress responses shapes infection dynamics ofApplied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- A haloarchaeal VapBC toxin-antitoxin system: regulatory mechanism and role in establishing population heterogeneity to facilitate survival of subpopulations under stress conditions.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- DivergenteLife · 2026Article
- Identification and structure determination of a type III-Bv CRISPR complex that post-translationally modifies an associated toxin.Structure (London, England : 1993) · 2026Article
- Genetic Elements Associated with the Acquired Resistome of the Gut Microbiota in a Broiler Rooster Flock in Hungary.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Pangenomic and genomic plasticity analyses of the genus Rickettsia.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2026Article
- Antimicrobial Peptides Based on the TisB Toxin: Toward Enhanced Activity and Synergy with Antibiotics.ACS omega · 2026Article
- An ancestral transmembrane transcription factor couples cell envelope regulation and the SOS response in Caulobacter crescentus.PLoS genetics · 2026Article
- Characterization of a novel phage-plasmid vB_EcoM_ED targeting multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2026Article
- Detection of Protein-Protein Interactions in Escherichia coli With Single Molecule Sensitivity.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Potential role of a CRISPR-Cas-activated toxin-antitoxin system in bacterial immunity.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Ribosomal RNA cleavage by the previously unidentified RelS-RelI toxin-antitoxin system controls growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Molecular basis of host ATP level modulation by actin-dependent secreted bacterial ATPase and its metaeffector.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Structural and functional characterization of VapBC52 toxin-antitoxin system from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
206 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin systems are widespread in bacterial genomes. They are usually composed of two elements: a toxin that inhibits an essential cellular process and an antitoxin that counteracts its cognate toxin. In the past decade, a number of new toxin-antitoxin systems have been described, bringing new growth inhibition mechanisms to light as well as novel modes of antitoxicity. However, recent advances in the field profoundly questioned the role of these systems in bacterial physiology, stress response and antimicrobial persistence. This shifted the paradigm of the functions of toxin-antitoxin systems to roles related to interactions between hosts and their mobile genetic elements, such as viral defence or plasmid stability. In this Review, we summarize the recent progress in understanding the biology and evolution of these small genetic elements, and discuss how genomic conflicts could shape the diversification of toxin-antitoxin systems.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.