ReviewPLoS pathogens2021
Streptococcal superantigens and the return of scarlet fever.
Review in PLoS pathogens, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparing virulence profile of dominantInfectious diseases & immunity · 2026Article
- Mechanism of action of the sinus microbiome in postoperative recurrence of type 2 chronic rhinosinusitis and advances in targeted intervention.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Ongoing epidemic of scarlet fever in Shanghai and the emergence of M1The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2025Article
- Review
- Diaper dermatitis-a narrative review of clinical presentation, subtypes, and treatment.Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) · 2024Review
- Mechanisms of host adaptation by bacterial pathogens.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2024Review
- Novel insights into the immune response to bacterial T cell superantigens.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2024Review
- Characterization of group A streptococci causing invasive diseases in Sri Lanka.Access microbiology · 2024Article
- Blocking Superantigen-Mediated Diseases: Challenges and Future Trends.Journal of immunology research · 2024Review
- Patterns in the Incidence of Scarlet Fever Among Children Aged 0-9 Years - China, 2010-2019.China CDC weekly · 2023Article
- Recrudescence of Scarlet Fever and Its Implications for Dental Professionals.International dental journal · 2023Review
- Methods to Analyze the Contribution of Complement Evasion Factor (CEF) to Streptococcus pyogenes Virulence.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2023Article
- Functional and Transcriptome Analysis ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus) is a globally disseminated and human-adapted bacterial pathogen that causes a wide range of infections, including scarlet fever. Scarlet fever is a toxin-mediated disease characterized by the formation of an erythematous, sandpaper-like rash that typically occurs in children aged 5 to 15. This infectious disease is caused by toxins called superantigens, a family of highly potent immunomodulators. Although scarlet fever had largely declined in both prevalence and severity since the late 19th century, outbreaks have now reemerged in multiple geographical regions over the past decade. Here, we review recent findings that address the role of superantigens in promoting a fitness advantage for S. pyogenes within human populations and discuss how superantigens may be suitable targets for vaccination strategies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.