Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34968795›Full record

ArticleJournal of reproductive immunology2022

Optimization and validation of two multiplex qPCR assays for the rapid detection of microorganisms commonly invading the amniotic cavity.

Andrew D Winters, Roberto Romero, Emma Graffice, Nardhy Gomez-Lopez, Eunjung Jung, Tomi Kanninen, Kevin R Theis

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of reproductive immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Placental Molecular Expression of Different Pathogenic Vaginal Infections.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025
    Article
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Andrew D WintersPerinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and, MI, Detroit, MI, USA; Perinatal Research Initiative in Maternal, Perinatal and Child Health, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
Roberto RomeroPerinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and, MI, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA. Electronic address: prbchiefstaff@med.wayne.edu.
Emma GrafficePerinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and, MI, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
Nardhy Gomez-LopezPerinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and, MI, Detroit, MI, USA; Perinatal Research Initiative in Maternal, Perinatal and Child Health, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
Eunjung JungPerinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and, MI, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
Tomi KanninenPerinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and, MI, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
Kevin R TheisPerinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and, MI, Detroit, MI, USA; Perinatal Research Initiative in Maternal, Perinatal and Child Health, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA. Electronic address: ktheis@med.wayne.edu.

Funding

The Role Of Subclinical Infection And Cytokines In Preterm ParturitionZIAHD002400 · NICHD · EUNICE KENNEDY SHRIVER NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH & HUMAN DEVELOPMENT · PI ROMERO, ROBERTO · 2009 to 2025
$254.4M
THE ROLE OF SUBCLINICAL INFECTION AND CYTOKINES IN PRETERM PARTURITIONZ01HD002400 · NICHD · EUNICE KENNEDY SHRIVER NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH & HUMAN DEVELOPMENT · PI ROMERO, ROBERTO · 1992 to 2008
$8.2M
Intramural NIH HHS Z01 HD002400NICHD NIH HHS HHSN275201300006C
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) leading to infection is strongly associated with adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Limitations of current diagnostic assays to detect MIAC rapidly and accurately have hindered the ability of obstetricians to identify and treat intra-amniotic infections. We developed, optimized, and validated two multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays for the simultaneous detection and quantification of microbial taxa commonly associated with MIAC. The first assay allows for the quantification of general bacterial and fungal loads in amniotic fluid and includes a human reference gene to allow for assessing the integrity of clinical samples and the DNA extraction process. The second assay allows for the detection and quantification of four specific bacterial taxa commonly associated with MIAC: Ureaplasma spp., Mycoplasma hominis, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. The qPCR assays were validated by using both microbial isolates and clinical amniotic fluid samples. The assays were further validated by comparing qPCR amplification results to those from the microbial culture and bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing of amniotic fluid. Both assays demonstrated high reproducibility and are sensitive and specific to their intended targets. Therefore, these assays represent promising molecular diagnostic tools for the detection of MIAC. Most importantly, these assays may allow for administration of timely and targeted antibiotic interventions to reduce adverse perinatal outcomes attributed to intra-amniotic infections.

Indexed as

AdultAmniotic FluidAnti-Bacterial AgentsChorioamnionitisFemaleHumansInfant, NewbornPregnancyPremature Rupture of Fetal MembranesReproducibility of ResultsRNA, Ribosomal, 16SUreaplasmaUreaplasma InfectionsAnti-Bacterial AgentsRNA, Ribosomal, 16SAmniocentesisAmniotic fluidDiagnostic toolIntra-amniotic infectionMIACMicrobial burden

Identifiers

PMID34968795
PMCPMC8941673

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.