ArticleDiabetologia2022
Longitudinal changes in glucose during pregnancy in women with gestational diabetes risk factors.
Article in Diabetologia, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Multi-ancestry, trans-generational GWAS meta-analysis of gestational diabetes and glycaemic traits during pregnancy reveals limited evidence of pregnancy-specific genetic effects.Nature communications · 2026Pooled it
- Dose-response relationship between gestational blood glucose levels and risk of pre-eclampsia in singleton pregnancies: A retrospective multicenter study.Chinese medical journal · 2026Article
- Protocol for a prospective cohort study for the assessment of sarcopenia in gestational diabetes: the SiGnal-D study.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Advances and challenges in the mechanistic understanding of beta-cell dysfunction in gestational diabetes mellitus.Journal of animal science · 2026Review
- Windows of susceptibility to air pollution during and surrounding pregnancy in relation to longitudinal maternal measures of adiposity and lipid profiles.Environmental research · 2025Article
- Association between isolated abnormal 1-hour glucose challenge test and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a retrospective review from an urban tertiary care center in the United States.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Associations of urinary biomarkers of phthalates, phenols, parabens, and organophosphate esters with glycemic traits in pregnancy: The Healthy Start Study.Environmental research · 2024Article
- Observational
- Article
- Distinct Insulin Physiology Trajectories in Euglycemic Pregnancy and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.Diabetes care · 2023Article
- Carbohydrate Intake and Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Results in the Postpartum Period.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2023Article
- Machine Learning-Based Risk Stratification for Gestational Diabetes Management.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
aims/hypothesisDespite recommendations to screen women with diabetes risk factors for hyperglycaemia in the first trimester, criteria for normal glucose values in early pregnancy have not been firmly established. We aimed to compare glucose levels in early pregnancy with those later in gestation and outside of pregnancy in women with diabetes risk factors.
methodsIn pregnant women (N = 123) followed longitudinally through the postpartum period, and a separate cohort of non-pregnant women (N = 65), we performed 75 g oral glucose tolerance tests. All participants had one or more risk factors for diabetes. Using linear regression, we tested for differences in glucose levels between non-pregnant and pregnant women at early (7-15 weeks) and mid-late (24-32 weeks) gestation as well as postpartum, with adjustment for maternal age, parity, marital status and BMI. In a longitudinal analysis using mixed-effects models, we tested for differences in glucose levels across early and mid-late pregnancy compared with postpartum. Differences are expressed as β (95% CI).
resultsFasting glucose was lower in pregnant compared with non-pregnant women by 0.34 (0.18, 0.51) mmol/l (p < 0.0001) in early pregnancy and by 0.45 (0.29, 0.61) mmol/l (p < 0.0001) in mid-late pregnancy. In longitudinal models, fasting glucose was lower by 0.13 (0.04, 0.21) mmol/l (p = 0.003) in early pregnancy and by 0.16 (0.08, 0.25) mmol/l (p = 0.0003) in mid-late pregnancy compared with the same women postpartum. Early pregnancy post-load glucose levels did not differ from those in non-pregnant women or the same women postpartum. In mid-late pregnancy, compared with non-pregnant women, elevations in 1 h post-load glucose level (0.60 [-0.12, 1.33] mmol/l, p = 0.10) and 2 h post-load glucose (0.49 [-0.21, 1.19] mmol/l, p = 0.17) were not statistically significant. However, in longitudinal analyses, 1 h and 2 h post-load glucose levels were higher in mid-late pregnancy (by 0.78 [0.35, 1.21] mmol/l, p = 0.0004, and 0.67 [0.30, 1.04] mmol/l, p = 0.0005, respectively) when compared with postpartum. CONCLUSIONS/
interpretationIn women with diabetes risk factors, fasting glucose declines in the first trimester. Post-load glucose increases later in pregnancy. These findings may inform criteria for diagnosing hyperglycaemia early in pregnancy.
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