ReviewJournal of optometry
Convergence insufficiency: Review of clinical diagnostic signs.
Review in Journal of optometry. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of non-strabismic binocular vision anomalies and age-related changes in binocular vision among middle-aged and older adults: a systematic review.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Pooled it
- Accommodative responses stimulated from the Maddox components of vergence in participants with normal binocular vision.Journal of vision · 2025Trial
- Multidomain rehabilitation for persistent concussion symptoms after falls in older adults: A case based review.Irish journal of medical science · 2026Review
- AI-Guided Home-Based Therapy for Convergence Insufficiency: A Comparative Feasibility Study with Pencil Push-Ups.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Evaluation of the Impact of a Novel Visual Training Video Game on Oculomotor Function and Visual Symptoms in Subjects with Parkinson's Disease and Convergence Insufficiency: A Pilot Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Prevalence and diagnostic signs of convergence insufficiency among schoolchildren in Kaohsiung, Taiwan: a cross-sectional study.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Convergence-Related Visual Symptoms Across Occupations with Varying Near Visual Demands: A Cross-Sectional Study with Implications for Healthcare Policy.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2026Article
- Frequency of Convergence Insufficiency Among Young Adults in a University Population.The British and Irish orthoptic journal · 2026Article
- Observational
- Virtual Reality-Based Screening Tool for Distance Horizontal Fusional Vergence in Orthotropic Young Subjects: A Prospective Pilot Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Detecting benzodiazepine use through induced eye convergence inability with a smartphone app: a proof-of-concept study.Frontiers in digital health · 2025Article
- Effect of Illumination on Near Positive Fusional Vergence in Young Adults.Clinical optometry · 2025Article
- The impact of convergence insufficiency on selective visual attention among university students.PloS one · 2025Article
- The Prevalence of Accommodative and Binocular Dysfunctions in Children with Reading Difficulties.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Home vision therapy and prism prescription in presbyopic persons with convergence insufficiency: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.BMC ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Neural Changes after Vision Therapy in Convergence Insufficiency: A Systematic Review.Journal of ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Diagnostic values of questionnaires of Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey and College of Optometrists Vision Development Quality of Life in the screening of convergence insufficiency.International journal of ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Frequency and associated factors of accommodation and non-strabismic binocular vision dysfunction among medical university students.International journal of ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Precision Concussion Management: Approaches to Quantifying Head Injury Severity and Recovery.Brain sciences · 2023Review
- A novel approach using a polarized nonius test to evaluate the near point of convergence.Journal of optometryArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Convergence insufficiency (CI) is a common binocular vision (BV) disorder characterized by difficulty in maintaining motor fusion at near, which affects approximately 7.5 percent of the population. Diagnostic criteria for the disorder are inconsistent, ranging from one to many clinical signs. Methodology for clinical tests is inconsistent in measurement technique, visual targets, required repetitions, and normative values. This manuscript demonstrates the inconsistencies amongst published studies, and highlights the importance of consistent clinical diagnostic signs, measurement techniques, visual targets, and cut-off criteria. For each clinical sign, the recommended methodology for the procedure is described. Several studies do not take age into account when diagnosing CI in their cohorts. As such, the review emphasizes changes in diagnostic signs with age. This manuscript highlights the need for consistent and clear procedures and diagnostic criteria amongst clinicians and provides the basis for future studies in terms of diagnostic testing required for CI of varying age groups.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.