ArticleBMC infectious diseases2021
Cholera outbreak caused by drinking unprotected well water contaminated with faeces from an open storm water drainage: Kampala City, Uganda, January 2019.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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15 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Associations of water quality with cholera in case-control studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Estimating the proportion of clinically suspected cholera cases that are true Vibrio cholerae infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Cholera Outbreaks in India, 2011-2020: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Climate change and infectious diseases.Nature medicine · 2026Review
- Examining the effects of climate and environmental hazards on vector and water-borne diseases in Eastern Uganda.Discover Environment · 2026Article
- Fuzzy-fractional modeling of cholera disease using real outbreak data of angola in caputo-TFN framework.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Cholera outbreak associated with drinking contaminated lake shore water, Namayingo District, Uganda, July-August 2023.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Implementing Wastewater-Based Epidemiology for Long-Read Metagenomic Sequencing of Antimicrobial Resistance in Kampala, Uganda.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Assessing the environmental and climatic influences on the incidence of severe typhoid in Kampala, Uganda.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Cholera Outbreaks in Low- and Middle-Income Countries in the Last Decade: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Vibrio cholerae O1 and Escherichia coli O157:H7 from drinking water and wastewater in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.BMC microbiology · 2024Article
- Pathways of exposure to Vibrio Cholerae in an urban informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Waterborne parasites in Uganda: A survey in Queen Elizabeth Protected Area.Public health challenges · 2023Article
- Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice in a Sample of the Lebanese Population Regarding Cholera.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Cholera outbreak among the Sama Badjao Indigenous community, Lucena City, Philippines, 2022.Western Pacific surveillance and response journal : WPSARArticle
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundKampala city slums, with one million dwellers living in poor sanitary conditions, frequently experience cholera outbreaks. On 6 January 2019, Rubaga Division notified the Uganda Ministry of Health of a suspected cholera outbreak in Sembule village. We investigated to identify the source and mode of transmission, and recommended evidence-based interventions.
methodsWe defined a suspected case as onset of profuse, painless, acute watery diarrhoea in a Kampala City resident (≥ 2 years) from 28 December 2018 to 11 February 2019. A confirmed case was a suspected case with Vibrio cholerae identified from the patient's stool specimen by culture. We found cases by record review and active community case-finding. We conducted a case-control study in Sembule village, the epi-center of this outbreak, to compare exposures between confirmed case-persons and asymptomatic controls, individually matched by age group. We overlaid rainfall data with the epidemic curve to identify temporal patterns between rain and illnesses. We conducted an environmental assessment, interviewed village local council members, and tested water samples from randomly-selected households and water sources using culture and PCR to identify V. cholerae.
resultsWe identified 50 suspected case-patients, with three deaths (case-fatality rate: 6.0%). Of 45 case-patients with stool samples tested, 22 were confirmed positive for V. cholerae O1, serotype Ogawa. All age groups were affected; persons aged 5-14 years had the highest attack rate (AR) (8.2/100,000). The epidemic curve showed several point-source outbreaks; cases repeatedly spiked immediately following rainfall. Sembule village had a token-operated water tap, which had broken down 1 month before the outbreak, forcing residents to obtain water from one of three wells (Wells A, B, C) or a public tap. Environmental assessment showed that residents emptied their feces into a drainage channel connected to Well C. Drinking water from Well C was associated with illness (OR
conclusionsDrinking contaminated water from an unprotected well was associated with this cholera outbreak. We recommended emergency chlorination of drinking water, fixing the broken token tap, and closure of Well C.
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