ArticleViruses2021
Differential Effect of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein 1 on Human Bronchial and Alveolar Lung Mucosa Models: Implications for Pathogenicity.
Article in Viruses, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Thymidine phosphorylase promotes SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-driven lung tumor development.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Potential relationships between circulating gene expression ofJournal of Zhejiang University. Science. B · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 spike treatment and transfection impairs airway epithelial repair.ERJ open research · 2025Article
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- TLR2 Activation as a Marker of Severe COVID-19 and a Potential Therapeutic Target.Current medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Contrasting effects of intracellular and extracellular human PCSK9 on inflammation, lipid alteration and cell death.Communications biology · 2024Article
- Review
- Article
- Assessment of wood smoke induced pulmonary toxicity in normal- and chronic bronchitis-like bronchial and alveolar lung mucosa models at air-liquid interface.Respiratory research · 2024Article
- Near-Infrared Light Exposure Triggers ROS to Downregulate Inflammatory Cytokines Induced by SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein in Human Cell Culture.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Article
- The SARS-CoV-2 E protein induces Toll-like receptor 2-mediated neonatal lung injury in a model of COVID-19 viremia that is rescued by the glucocorticoid ciclesonide.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2023Article
- COVID-19 as a trigger of Guillain-Barré syndrome: A review of the molecular mechanism.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2023Review
- The SARS-CoV-2 S1 Spike Protein Promotes MAPK and NF-kB Activation in Human Lung Cells and Inflammatory Cytokine Production in Human Lung and Intestinal Epithelial Cells.Microorganisms · 2022Article
- Insight into the pulmonary molecular toxicity of heated tobacco products using human bronchial and alveolar mucosa models at air-liquid interface.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Adverse effects of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: the spike hypothesis.Trends in molecular medicine · 2022Review
- Effects of SPA4 peptide on lipopolysaccharide-disrupted lung epithelial barrier, injury, and function in a human cell system and mouse model of lung injury.Physiological reports · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe SARS-CoV-2 spike protein mediates attachment of the virus to the host cell receptor and fusion between the virus and the cell membrane. The S1 subunit of the spike glycoprotein (S1 protein) contains the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor binding domain. The SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern contain mutations in the S1 subunit. The spike protein is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies generated following infection, and constitutes the viral component of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines.
methodsTherefore, in this work we assessed the effect of exposure (24 h) to 10 nM SARS-CoV-2 recombinant S1 protein on physiologically relevant human bronchial (bro) and alveolar (alv) lung mucosa models cultured at air-liquid interface (ALI) (
resultsExposure to S1 protein induced the surface expression of ACE2, toll like receptor (TLR) 2, and TLR4 in both bro-ALI and alv-ALI models. Transcript expression analysis identified 117 (bro-ALI) and 97 (alv-ALI) differentially regulated genes (
conclusionsIn conclusion, we observed a typical anti-viral response in the bronchial model and a pro-fibrotic response in the alveolar model. The bro-ALI and alv-ALI models may serve as an easy and robust platform for assessing the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern at different lung regions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.