ReviewVaccines2021
mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines and Long-Lived Plasma Cells: A Complicated Relationship.
Review in Vaccines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Extreme PTH-Independent Hypercalcemia Mediated by a Rare Non-Osteoclastic Osteolysis Mechanism in Newly Diagnosed High-Risk Biclonal IgA Multiple Myeloma: Temporal Association with the Second Dose of Moderna mRNA-1273 COVID-19 Vaccine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Preclinical development of a cross-protective β-SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particle vaccine adjuvanted with MF59.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Mannich reaction-based combinatorial libraries identify antioxidant ionizable lipids for mRNA delivery with reduced immunogenicity.Nature biomedical engineering · 2025Article
- Intranasal replicon SARS-CoV-2 vaccine produces protective respiratory and systemic immunity and prevents viral transmission.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Article
- Development of Methods to Produce SARS CoV-2 Virus-Like Particles at Scale.Biotechnology and bioengineering · 2025Article
- Mechanistic models of humoral kinetics following COVID-19 vaccination.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2025Article
- Noncoding RNA Lipotherapeutics: A Promising Breakthrough in Pulmonary Hypertension Treatment.Current pharmaceutical biotechnology · 2025Review
- Identification and evaluation of candidate COVID-19 critical genes and medicinal drugs related to plasma cells.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Strategies to reduce the risks of mRNA drug and vaccine toxicity.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2024Review
- Heterologous chimpanzee adenovirus vector immunizations for SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid protect hamsters against COVID-19.Microbes and infection · 2023Article
- Key Design Features of Lipid Nanoparticles and Electrostatic Charge-Based Lipid Nanoparticle Targeting.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Review
- Mucosal immunization with lipopeptides derived from conserved regions of SARS-CoV-2 antigens induce robust cellular and cross-variant humoral immune responses in mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia: what do we know hitherto?Frontiers in medicine · 2023Review
- Psoriasis exacerbation after COVID-19 vaccines: A brief report of the reported cases.Dermatologic therapy · 2022Article
- Increased B Cell Understanding Puts Improved Vaccine Platforms Just Over the Horizon.Immune network · 2022Review
- A self-amplifying RNA vaccine against COVID-19 with long-term room-temperature stability.NPJ vaccines · 2022Article
- COVID-19 and plasma cells: Is there long-lived protection?Immunological reviews · 2022Review
- COVID-19 Vaccines: Current and Future Perspectives.Vaccines · 2022Review
- Differences in B-Cell Immunophenotypes and Neutralizing Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 After Administration of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) Vaccine in Individuals with and without Prior COVID-19 - A Prospective Cohort Study.Journal of inflammation research · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
mRNA COVID-19 vaccines have hegemonized the world market, and their administration to the population promises to stop the pandemic. However, the waning of the humoral immune response, which does not seem to last so many months after the completion of the vaccination program, has led us to study the molecular immunological mechanisms of waning immunity in the case of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. We consulted the published scientific literature and from the few articles we found, we were convinced that there is an immunological memory problem after vaccination. Although mRNA vaccines have been demonstrated to induce antigen-specific memory B cells (MBCs) in the human population, there is no evidence that these vaccines induce the production of long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs), in a SARS-CoV-2 virus naïve population. This obstacle, in our point of view, is caused by the presence, in almost all subjects, of a cellular T and B cross-reactive memory produced during past exposures to the common cold coronaviruses. Due to this interference, it is difficult for a vaccination with the Spike protein alone, without adjuvants capable of prolonging the late phase of the generation of the immunological memory, to be able to determine the production of protective LLPCs. This would explain the possibility of previously and completely vaccinated subjects to become infected, already 4-6 months after the completion of the vaccination cycle.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.