ReviewPathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2021
Norovirus Vaccines: Current Clinical Development and Challenges.
Review in Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Disease burden of norovirus-associated diarrhea among children under 5 years old in China: a meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Safety and immunogenicity of a bivalent norovirus vaccine candidate in infants from 6 weeks to 5 months of age: A phase 2, randomized, double-blind trial.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Trial
- Immune responses in healthy adults elicited by a bivalent norovirus vaccine candidate composed of GI.4 and GII.4 VLPs without adjuvant.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Trial
- A modular vaccine platform for optimized lipid nanoparticle mRNA immunogenicity.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Virus Biomimetic-Delivery Systems for the Production of Vaccines.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- A sixteen-month monitoring of human enteric viruses associated with acute gastroenteritis in Senegal.Gut pathogens · 2026Article
- Clinical and Genotypic Features of Norovirus Enteritis in Children Complicated by Convulsions: A Retrospective Study in Kunming, China.The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale · 2026Article
- Optimized Multi-Epitope Norovirus Vaccines Induce Robust Humoral and Cellular Responses in Mice.Vaccines · 2025Article
- A report for the fifth International Workshop on Rotavirus and Norovirus in China.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Current Perspectives and Future Directions in the Immunogenicity Landscape of Norovirus Vaccines.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2025Review
- Health Care Costs Associated With Norovirus at the Veterans Health Administration.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Genogroup-Specific Multiplex Reverse Transcriptase Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Point-of-Care Detection of Norovirus.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Clinical development of therapeutic mRNA applications.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Review
- Design and evaluation of a multi-epitope subunit vaccine against human norovirus using an immunoinformatics approach.Osong public health and research perspectives · 2025Article
- Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific burden of diarrhoeal diseases, their risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990-2021, for 204 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Article
- Screening and Immune Efficacy Evaluation of Antigens with Protection Against Feline Calicivirus.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Molecular Characterization of Noroviruses Causing Acute Gastroenteritis Outbreaks among US Military Recruits, 2013-2023.Emerging infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Prevalence and genotype distribution of norovirus in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China, from 2011 to 2022.Virology journal · 2024Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
Abstract
Noroviruses are the major viral pathogens causing epidemic and endemic acute gastroenteritis with significant morbidity and mortality. While vaccines against norovirus diseases have been shown to be of high significance, the development of a broadly effective norovirus vaccine remains difficult, owing to the wide genetic and antigenic diversity of noroviruses with multiple co-circulated variants of various genotypes. In addition, the absence of a robust cell culture system, an efficient animal model, and reliable immune markers of norovirus protection for vaccine evaluation further hinders the developmental process. Among the vaccine candidates that are currently under clinical studies, recombinant VP1-based virus-like particles (VLPs) that mimic major antigenic features of noroviruses are the common ones, with proven safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy, supporting a high success likelihood of a useful norovirus vaccine. This short article reviews the recent progress in norovirus vaccine development, focusing on those from recent clinical studies, as well as summarizes the barriers that are being encountered in this developmental process and discusses issues of future perspective.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.