ArticlePathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2021
High CD169 Monocyte/Lymphocyte Ratio Reflects Immunophenotype Disruption and Oxygen Need in COVID-19 Patients.
Article in Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06514573 (Effects of a Postbiotic Supplementation on Gastrointestinal and Core Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder), which is not on this map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effects of a Postbiotic Supplementation on Gastrointestinal and Core Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immune Profiling and Rapid Molecular Diagnostics in Severe Respiratory Infections and Sepsis: The Potential Clinical Perspective of CD169 and CD64.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Challenges in early detection and prognostication of sepsis: new approaches from the emergency department and intensive care unit.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Review
- Role of myeloid cells expressing CD169/Siglec-1 in host-pathogen interactions.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- CD169-positive macrophages in lymph nodes and the tumor microenvironment: harnessing their biology for clinical diagnosis and anticancer therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- CD169Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Monitoring Immune Responses to Vaccination: A Focus on Single-Cell Analysis and Associated Challenges.Vaccines · 2025Review
- High-dimensional single-cell phenotyping unveils persistent differences in immune cell profiles between severe and moderate seasonal influenza.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- A New Easy-to-Perform Flow Cytometry Assay for Determining Bacterial- and Viral-Infection-Induced Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil and Monocyte Membrane Marker Modulation in Febrile Patients.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Flow cytometry for extracellular vesicle characterization in COVID-19 and post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection.Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2024Review
- Association of monocyte-lymphocyte ratio and myocardial infarction in the U.S. population with diabetes.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2024Article
- Persistence of circulating CD169+monocytes and HLA-DR downregulation underline the immune response impairment in PASC individuals: the potential contribution of different COVID-19 pandemic waves.Current research in microbial sciences · 2024Article
- Expression profile of HERVs and inflammatory mediators detected in nasal mucosa as a predictive biomarker of COVID-19 severity.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Multidistrict Host-Pathogen Interaction during COVID-19 and the Development Post-Infection Chronic Inflammation.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Myeloid CD169/Siglec1: An immunoregulatory biomarker in viral disease.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Review
- Role of MR-proADM and Monocyte CD169 in Predicting In-Hospital and 60-Day Mortality in COVID-19 Patients.Clinical pathology (Thousand Oaks, Ventura County, Calif.)Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSialoadhesin (CD169) has been found to be overexpressed in the blood of COVID-19 patients and identified as a biomarker in early disease. We analyzed CD169 in the blood cells of COVID-19 patients to assess its role as a predictive marker of disease progression and clinical outcomes.
methodsThe ratio of the median fluorescence intensity of CD169 between monocytes and lymphocytes (CD169 RMFI) was analyzed by flow cytometry in blood samples of COVID-19 patients (COV) and healthy donors (HDs) and correlated with immunophenotyping, inflammatory markers, cytokine mRNA expression, pulmonary involvement, and disease progression.
resultsCD169 RMFI was high in COV but not in HDs, and it correlated with CD8 T-cell senescence and exhaustion markers, as well as with B-cell maturation and differentiation in COV. CD169 RMFI correlated with blood cytokine mRNA levels, inflammatory markers, and pneumonia severity in patients who were untreated at sampling, and was associated with the respiratory outcome throughout hospitalization. Finally, we also report the first evidence of the specific ability of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 to trigger CD169 RMFI in a dose-dependent manner in parallel with IL-6 and IL-10 gene transcription in HD PBMCs stimulated in vitro.
conclusionCD169 is induced by the spike protein and should be considered as an early biomarker for evaluating immune dysfunction and respiratory outcomes in COVID-19 patients.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.