ArticlePathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2021
Structural Requirements in the Hemagglutinin Cleavage Site-Coding RNA Region for the Generation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus.
Article in Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Residues Ser83, Arg85, Tyr88, Asn124, and Lys192 of C-Terminal Lipid-Associated Membrane Hemagglutinin AffectMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- A divergent betacoronavirus with a functional furin cleavage site in South American bats.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Polymerase trapping as the mechanism of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus genesis.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Review
- Preliminary Assessment of Commercial Antibacterial Finishes on Knitted Fabrics from Recycled Cotton and Polyester.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Understanding off-target growth defects introduced to influenza A virus by synonymous recoding.RNA (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Genomic surveillance of influenza A virus in live bird markets during the COVID-19 pandemic.Veterinary world · 2025Article
- Protection of Ducks Against Highly Pathogenic H5Nx Avian Influenza Viruses by HA Cleavage Site Peptide Vaccine.Current microbiology · 2025Article
- Molecular Evolution of the H5 and H7 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Haemagglutinin Cleavage Site Motif.Reviews in medical virology · 2025Review
- Genome sizes of animal RNA viruses reflect phylogenetic constraints.Virus evolution · 2025Article
- Highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus subtype H5N1 (clade 2.3.4.4b) isolated from a natural protected area in Peru.Microbiology resource announcements · 2024Article
- Genotypic and phenotypic susceptibility of emerging avian influenza A viruses to neuraminidase and cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitors.Antiviral research · 2024Article
- Nucleotide sequence as key determinant driving insertions at influenza A virus hemagglutinin cleavage sites.Npj viruses · 2024Article
- Species-specific emergence of H7 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is driven by intrahost selection differences between chickens and ducks.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Hemagglutinin Subtype Specificity and Mechanisms of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Genesis.Viruses · 2022Review
- In Silico Analyses of the Role of Codon Usage at the Hemagglutinin Cleavage Site in Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Genesis.Viruses · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) with H5 and H7 hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes are derived from their low pathogenic counterparts following the acquisition of multiple basic amino acids in their HA cleavage site. It has been suggested that consecutive adenine residues and a stem-loop structure in the viral RNA region that encodes the cleavage site are essential for the acquisition of the polybasic cleavage site. By using a reporter assay to detect non-templated nucleotide insertions, we found that insertions more frequently occurred in the RNA region (29 nucleotide-length) encoding the cleavage site of an H5 HA gene that was predicted to have a stem-loop structure containing consecutive adenines than in a mutated corresponding RNA region that had a disrupted loop structure with fewer adenines. In virus particles generated by using reverse genetics, nucleotide insertions that created additional codons for basic amino acids were found in the RNA region encoding the cleavage site of an H5 HA gene but not in the mutated RNA region. We confirmed the presence of virus clones with the ability to replicate without trypsin in a plaque assay and to cause lethal infection in chicks. These results demonstrate that the stem-loop structure containing consecutive adenines in HA genes is a key molecular determinant for the emergence of H5 HPAIVs.
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