ReviewJournal of ophthalmology2021
Significance of Hyperreflective Foci as an Optical Coherence Tomography Biomarker in Retinal Diseases: Characterization and Clinical Implications.
Review in Journal of ophthalmology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 74 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
74 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 107 citations in OpenAlex.
- [Biomarkers in the treatment of retinal vein occlusion].Die Ophthalmologie · 2022Pooled it
- Hyperreflective foci and subretinal drusenoid deposits as predictors of exudation in intermediate AMD eyes with contralateral neovascular AMD.Eye (London, England) · 2026Article
- Optical coherence tomography biomarkers for neovascular age-related macular degeneration : Relevance for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.Die Ophthalmologie · 2026Review
- Optical Coherence Tomography Analysis of Macular Edema Across Disease Spectra.Annals of African medicine · 2026Observational
- Histology correlated adaptive optics polarisation sensitive optical coherence tomography.Biomedical optics express · 2026Article
- Choroidal Vascular Remodeling and Retinal Response After Aflibercept Loading in Diabetic Macular Edema.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- Cellular-Scale Photoreceptor Remodeling After Macular Hole Surgery Examined by Adaptive Optics Optical Coherence Tomography.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Persistent Subretinal Fluid in a Case With Central Serous Chorioretinopathy and Progressive Retinal Changes: An 18-Month Longitudinal Case Report.Case reports in ophthalmological medicine · 2026Article
- Acute Macular Neuroretinopathy in Association with Orbital Inflammation and Optic Perineuritis.Neuro-ophthalmology (Aeolus Press) · 2026Article
- Phenotype-driven management of diabetic macular edema: multimodal imaging biomarkers and individualized therapy.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- BDH1-Dependent Ketone Body Metabolism Maintains Müller Cell Homeostasis and Retinal Function.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Functional Outcomes Across High-Risk OCT-Based Phenotypes in Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration-PINNACLE Study Report 11.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Observational
- Associations Between Structural Phenotype and Polygenic Risk Scores in Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration - A MACUSTAR Report.Translational vision science & technology · 2025Article
- How early can we detect diabetic retinopathy? A narrative review of imaging tools for structural assessment of the retina.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2025Review
- Specialized curricula for training vision language models in retinal image analysis.NPJ digital medicine · 2025Article
- Retinal Pigment Epithelium Transplantation in Retinal Disease: Clinical Trial Development, Challenges, and Future Directions.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Longitudinal High-Resolution Imaging of Retinal Sequelae of a Choroidal Nevus.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Hyperreflective Foci in the Ectopic Inner Foveal Layer of Advanced Idiopathic Epiretinal Membranes.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Updates on novel and traditional OCT and OCTA biomarkers in nAMD.Eye (London, England) · 2025Review
- Hyperreflective Foci Along the Retinal Pigment Epithelium Predict the Onset of Large Choroidal Hypertransmission Defects in Age-Related Macular Degeneration.American journal of ophthalmology · 2025Article
14 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hyperreflective foci (HRF) is a term coined to depict hyperreflective dots or roundish lesions within retinal layers visualized through optical coherence tomography (OCT). Histopathological correlates of HRF are not univocal, spacing from migrating retinal pigment epithelium cells, lipid-laden macrophages, microglial cells, and extravasated proteinaceous or lipid material. Despite this, HRF can be considered OCT biomarkers for disease progression, treatment response, and prognosis in several retinal diseases, including diabetic macular edema, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinal vascular occlusions, and inherited retinal dystrophies. The structural features and topographic location of HRF guide the interpretation of their significance in different pathological conditions. The presence of HRF less than 30
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.