Trial reportFrontiers in immunology2021
Comparison of Female Genital Tract Cytokine and Microbiota Signatures Induced by Initiation of Intramuscular DMPA and NET-EN Hormonal Contraceptives - a Prospective Cohort Analysis.
Trial report in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cervicovaginal cytokine profiles and their associations with colposcopic findings in adolescent girls and adult women in South Africa: an exploratory cross-sectional study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Culturally acceptable fermented grain may improve gut health in South African postpartum mothers in a randomised trial.The British journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Escitalopram alters tryptophan metabolism, plasma lipopolysaccharide, and the inferred functional potential of the gut microbiome in deer mice showing compulsive-like rigidity.Acta neuropsychiatrica · 2025Article
- Observational
- Female Genital Tract Host Factors and Tenofovir and Lamivudine Active Metabolites.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Exploring Oral and Vaginal Probiotic Solutions for Women's Health from Puberty to Menopause: A Narrative Review.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Longitudinal gut microbiota composition of South African and Nigerian infants in relation to tetanus vaccine responses.Microbiology spectrum · 2024Article
- Longitudinal gut microbiota composition of South African and Nigerian infants in relation to tetanus vaccine responses.Research square · 2023Article
- Cycle Biodynamics of Women's Microbiome in the Urinary and Reproductive Systems.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
18 authors at 8 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Cervicovaginal inflammation, bacterial microbiota and hormonal contraceptives all influence sexual and reproductive health. To date, the effects of intramuscular depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA-IM) versus injectable norethisterone enanthate (NET-EN) on vaginal microbiota or cytokines have not been compared back-to-back, although Methods: We collected socio-demographic characteristics and vaginal samples from women initiating DMPA-IM (ECHO Trial; n = 53) and NET-EN (UChoose Trial; n = 44) at baseline and after two consecutive injections to assess cytokine concentrations by Luminex, vaginal microbiota by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, STIs, bacterial vaginosis (BV) and candidiasis. Results: Cytokine concentrations did not change significantly after initiating DMPA-IM or NET-EN, although NET-EN versus DMPA-IM-associated profiles were distinct. While the abundance of bacterial taxa associated with optimal and non-optimal microbiota fluctuated with DMPA-IM use, overall community composition did not significantly change with either contraceptive. HSV-2 serology, chlamydial infection, gonorrhoea and candidiasis did not influence the associations between contraceptive type and cervicovaginal cytokines or microbiota. Conclusions: Both DMPA-IM and NET-EN use did not lead to broad inflammatory or microbiota changes in the female genital tract of sub-Saharan African women. This suggests that NET-EN is likely a viable option for contraception in African women at high risk of BV and STIs.
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Registered trials
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