ReviewNeurobiology of disease2022
Environmental triggers of Parkinson's disease - Implications of the Braak and dual-hit hypotheses.
Review in Neurobiology of disease, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed.
- Photonic and nanomaterial-driven optical biosensing strategies for Parkinson's disease.Mikrochimica acta · 2026Review
- The "Double-Hit" Model in Experimental Parkinsonism: Effects of Combined Exposure to Lactacystin and LPS.Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Beyond Organ Boundaries: Molecular Mechanisms of Hepatic Encephalopathy and Parkinson's Disease from the Perspective of the Gut-Liver-Brain Axis.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Review
- New Challenges in the Study of Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- A multi-dimensional view on the etiology of Parkinson's disease.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2025Review
- Predicting Cognitive Decline in Parkinson's Disease Using Artificial Neural Networks: An Explainable AI Approach.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- Resting-State EEG Alpha Asymmetry as a Potential Marker of Clinical Features in Parkinson's Disease.Journal of personalized medicine · 2025Article
- Investigating Parkinson's disease risk across farming activities using data mining and large-scale administrative health data.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2025Article
- Review
- Opportunities and Pitfalls of REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and Olfactory Dysfunction as Early Markers in Parkinson's Disease.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2024Review
- Low-dose inhalation exposure to trichloroethylene induces dopaminergic neurodegeneration in rodents.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2023Article
- Decision-making under ambiguity and risk and executive functions in Parkinson's disease patients: A scoping review of the studies investigating the Iowa Gambling Task and the Game of Dice.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2023Article
- Polygenic risk score for Parkinson's disease and olfaction among middle-aged to older women.Parkinsonism & related disorders · 2023Article
- Dopamine transporter binding in the brain is linked to irritable bowel syndrome in Parkinson's disease.Brain and behavior · 2023Article
- The Impact of microRNAs on Mitochondrial Function and Immunity: Relevance to Parkinson's Disease.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Intranasal Rotenone Induces Alpha-Synuclein Accumulation, Neuroinflammation and Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration in Middle-Aged Mice.Neurochemical research · 2023Article
- A Mouse Model to Test Novel Therapeutics for Parkinson's Disease: an Update on the Thy1-aSyn ("line 61") Mice.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2023Review
- Sex Differences in Dopaminergic Vulnerability to Environmental Toxicants - Implications for Parkinson's Disease.Current environmental health reports · 2022Review
- Therapeutic Strategies for Immune Transformation in Parkinson's Disease.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) may take decades to develop, during which many risk or protective factors may come into play to initiate the pathogenesis or modify its progression to clinical PD. The lack of understanding of this prodromal phase of PD and the factors involved has been a major hurdle in the study of PD etiology and preventive strategies. Although still controversial, the Braak and dual-hit hypotheses that PD may start peripherally in the olfactory structures and/or the gut provides a theoretical platform to identify the triggers and modifiers of PD prodromal development and progression. This is particularly true for the search of environmental causes of PD as the olfactory structures and gut are the major human mucosal interfaces with the environment. In this review, we lay out our personal views about how the Braak and dual-hit hypotheses may help us search for the environmental triggers and modifiers for PD, summarize available experimental and epidemiological evidence, and discuss research gaps and strategies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.