ArticleScientific reports2021
Provocation of dry eye disease symptoms during COVID-19 lockdown.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of dry eye disease among children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence of computer vision syndrome during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Association between dry eye disease and depression: An umbrella review.Frontiers in public health · 2022Pooled it
- Prevalence of dry eye disease symptoms and impact on quality-of-life among hospital staff during the COVID-19 pandemic.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Investigating Mask-Associated Dry Eye and Contributing Factors in Healthcare Providers.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Article
- Prevalence of dry eye disease symptoms, associated factors and impact on quality of life among medical students during the pandemic.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Real or MADE-up: Investigating Mask-Associated Dry Eye (MADE) as an emerging syndrome.Eye (London, England) · 2024Review
- Covid-19 and its relation to the human eye: transmission, infection, and ocular manifestations.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2023Review
- An Online Questionnaire-Based Survey of 1076 Individuals in Poland to Identify the Prevalence of Ophthalmic Symptoms in Autumn 2022.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2023Article
- Prevalence of Dry Eye Symptoms and Associated Risk Factors among University Students in Poland.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Relationship between visual display terminal working hours and headache/eyestrain in Korean wage workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: the sixth Korean Working Conditions Survey.Annals of occupational and environmental medicine · 2023Article
- Prevalence and associated factors for self-reported symptoms of dry eye among Thai school children during the COVID-19 outbreak.PloS one · 2023Article
- Article
- Impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic on the Ophthalmology Department.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Coronavirus disease pandemic and dry eye disease: A methodology concern on the causal relationship.Medical hypothesis, discovery & innovation ophthalmology journal · 2022Article
- Update on overview of ocular manifestations of COVID-19.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
To assess the impact of COVID-19 lockdown measures on dry-eye symptoms in a community-based population, a cross-sectional study was conducted during the first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak in Thailand. An online survey was distributed via social media between June and July 2020. The questionnaire elicited information on demographics, dry-eye symptoms, use of visual display terminals, and mental health status. There were 535 respondents. Thirty-seven percent reported having been diagnosed with dry-eye disease (DED). During the lockdown, the mean dry-eye symptom score (DESS) of overall participants dropped significantly from 81.6 ± 15.9 to 79.8 ± 17.4 (P < 0.001). The mean, daily, visual display terminal (VDT) usage increased from 10.55 ± 5.16 to 13.08 ± 5.65 h (P < 0.001). A negative correlation between age and VDT usage was observed in both the normal and lockdown situations. One-quarter of all participants had an abnormal mental health status. The female gender (OR 1.86; 95% CI 1.14-3.04) and increased VDT usage during the lockdown (OR 5.68; 95% CI 3.49-9.23) were independently associated with worsening dry-eye symptoms. The lockdown measures abruptly altered the behaviors and lifestyles of the overall population. Excessive exposure to VDTs were associated with deteriorated dry-eye symptoms, and it possibly contributed to the increased DED incidence in the surveyed population.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.