SynthesisAgeing research reviews2022
Modifiable lifestyle factors and cognitive reserve: A systematic review of current evidence.
Synthesis in Ageing research reviews, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 140 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
140 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 215 citations in OpenAlex.
- Use of Wearable Technology for Measuring and Characterizing Sedentary Behavior in People With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: Systematic Review.JMIR aging · 2026Pooled it
- The relationship among cognitive reserve and symptoms, cognition, and functioning in schizophrenia: A case-control study and meta-analysis.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2026Pooled it
- Associations of physical fitness with brain structure, pathology and cognition in cognitively normal older adults.npj aging · 2026Article
- Cognitive Reserve and Psychological Well-Being in Aging Population of Community-Dwellers in Spain.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- The Japanese Translation Study of the Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire.Geriatrics & gerontology international · 2026Article
- Reply to: When One Is Not Enough: Multi-Program Needs in Older Adults at Risk of Cognitive Decline.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2026Article
- Brain correlates of cognitive reserve in offspring of patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Cognition in Chronic Heart Failure: Advancing Knowledge for Better Prevention Through Remote Assessment.CJC open · 2026Article
- Methodological Framework for the Design and Implementation of a US Latine-Hispanic Digital Brain Health Program: User-Centered Design Approach.JMIR formative research · 2026Article
- Neuroprotective efficacy of hentriacontane against rotenone-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells: In silico and in vitro evidence of GSK3β association.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Harmonization of late-life participation in cognitively stimulating activities across four cohort studies of cognitive aging.Experimental gerontology · 2026Article
- A physically and mentally active lifestyle relates to younger brain and cognitive age.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Protecting the aging mind: how cognitive reserve and lifestyle factors relate to executive functions and long-term memory.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2026Article
- The role of modifiable risk factors on the cerebral myelin content and cognition: findings from The Maastricht Study.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Association of neighborhood and individual-level socioeconomic disadvantage in childhood and adulthood with cognitive function in mid-adulthood: Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Association between cumulative average BMI and cognitive decline: a 24-year cohort study.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Cognitive reserve and effects of air pollution mixture on cognitive function in dementia-free adults.Psychological medicine · 2026Article
- The relationship between secondary school exam performance and lifestyle behaviors at the onset of university education.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Optimizing cognitive functions in healthy older adults: a network meta-analysis of dual- and single-task interventions.GeroScience · 2026Review
- Depression and self-esteem as key factors related to academic motivation in university students.BMC public health · 2026Article
80 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
This systematic review aims to summarize cognitive reserve (CR) evaluation approaches and to examine the role of seven selected modifiable lifestyle factors (diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, cognitive leisure activity, sleep, and meditation) in mitigating the impacts of age- or disease-related brain changes on cognition. Eighteen population-based English empirical studies were included. We summarize the study designs and identify three CR models that were broadly used in these studies, including a residual model assessing lifestyle factors in relation to unexplained variance in cognition after accounting for brain markers, a moderation model testing whether lifestyle factors moderate the relationship between brain status and cognition, and a controlling model examining the associations between lifestyle factors and cognition when controlling for brain measures. We also present the findings for the impact of each lifestyle factor. No studies examined diet, sleep, or meditation, and only two studies focused on smoking and alcohol consumption each. Overall, the studies suggest lifestyle activity factors (physical and cognitive leisure activities) may contribute to CR and attenuate the damaging impact of brain changes on cognition. Standardized measurements of lifestyle factors and CR are needed, and mechanisms underlying CR need to be further addressed as well.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.