ReviewThe Lancet. Infectious diseases2022
A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus.
Review in The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 7 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 1,814 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study Evaluating Vortioxetine for Cognitive Deficits in Persons With Post-COVID-19 Condition
Enhanced External Counterpulsation (EECP/ECPT) to Treat Long-COVID-19 Fatigue - a Randomized Controlled Trial
Efficacy of Exercise-based mHealth Intervention for Patients With Post-acute COVID-19 Syndrome Based on Fatigue, Fitness, Post-exertional Dyspnea, Pain, Anxiety, Depression, Cognitive Function, and Quality of Life: a Randomized Clinical Trial.
A Single-blinded Sham-controlled Crossover Trial to Evaluate the Effect of Immunoadsorption on Post-Corona Virus Disease (COVID)-Syndrome
Transcranial Pulse Stimulation (TPS) in Post-COVID-19
Mechanisms Underlying Cardiovascular Consequences Associated With COVID-19 and Long COVID - Characterizing Long COVID Phenotypes Using Physiological and Molecular Studies
Effectiveness and Safety of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in Long COVID Patients
Who cites it
1,814 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 2,425 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness of physical, psychological, and alternative interventions for post-COVID-19 condition: a systematic review.Journal of rehabilitation medicine · 2026Pooled it
- The role of 6-minute walk test and pulmonary function testing in patients with post COVID-19 condition: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Family practice · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Factors influencing work ability and return-to-work in individuals affected by post-COVID: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- COVID-19 in Space: Possible Health Risks and Preparedness Guidelines.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of Exercise-Based Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Patients with Long COVID: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Advances in respiratory medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Trial
- Effect of inspiratory muscle training on inspiratory muscle strength in adults with post-COVID-19 condition and inspiratory muscle weakness: a randomized controlled trial.Journal of rehabilitation medicine · 2026Trial
- Effects of inspiratory muscle training on exercise capacity, muscle oxygenation and strength, physical activity, and dyspnea in patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome and pulmonary involvement: a randomized controlled triple-blinded study.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2026Trial
- Physical activity coaching programme for people with Long COVID: a pilot randomised clinical trial.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Vitamin D in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome After COVID-19 or Vaccination: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Nutrients · 2026Trial
- Management of long COVID-19 in children and adolescents: from diagnosis to therapeutically approaches.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Facilitators and barriers for return to work among patients with post-COVID-19 condition: a qualitative interview study.Scandinavian journal of primary health care · 2026Article
- Long COVID in the general population: reassurance without dismissal.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Article
- Deep learning survival analysis with time-varying covariates: extending PyCox to assess COVID-19 antiviral treatments and long-COVID associations.JAMIA open · 2026Article
- Association of Prodromal Parkinson's Disease-Like Features in Long COVID With Dream-Enactment Behaviours.Journal of sleep research · 2026Article
- Recovery trajectories and predictors of symptom resolution in post-COVID-19 condition: a population-based cohort study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Article
- Subclinical neurovascular and immune correlates of post-COVID-19 syndrome detected by retinal imaging.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Health-Related Quality of Life of Adults With Long COVID: A Cross-Sectional Study in Primary Care.Journal of clinical nursing · 2026Article
- Risk factors of post-COVID-19 symptoms, a cross-sectional study in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease.NPJ primary care respiratory medicine · 2026Article
1,754 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
People with COVID-19 might have sustained postinfection sequelae. Known by a variety of names, including long COVID or long-haul COVID, and listed in the ICD-10 classification as post-COVID-19 condition since September, 2020, this occurrence is variable in its expression and its impact. The absence of a globally standardised and agreed-upon definition hampers progress in characterisation of its epidemiology and the development of candidate treatments. In a WHO-led Delphi process, we engaged with an international panel of 265 patients, clinicians, researchers, and WHO staff to develop a consensus definition for this condition. 14 domains and 45 items were evaluated in two rounds of the Delphi process to create a final consensus definition for adults: post-COVID-19 condition occurs in individuals with a history of probable or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, usually 3 months from the onset, with symptoms that last for at least 2 months and cannot be explained by an alternative diagnosis. Common symptoms include, but are not limited to, fatigue, shortness of breath, and cognitive dysfunction, and generally have an impact on everyday functioning. Symptoms might be new onset following initial recovery from an acute COVID-19 episode or persist from the initial illness. Symptoms might also fluctuate or relapse over time. A separate definition might be applicable for children. Although the consensus definition is likely to change as knowledge increases, this common framework provides a foundation for ongoing and future studies of epidemiology, risk factors, clinical characteristics, and therapy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.