Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34951645›Full record

ArticleMolecular biology and evolution2022

Phylogeography Reveals Association between Swine Trade and the Spread of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in China and across the World.

Wan-Ting He, Nena Bollen, Yi Xu, Jin Zhao, Simon Dellicour, Ziqing Yan, Wenjie Gong, Cheng Zhang, Letian Zhang, Meng Lu and 7 more

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Molecular biology and evolution, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
63citing papers in PubMed
8.5field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

63 citing papers in PubMed, 85 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Parallel algorithms for phylogenetic inference under a structured coalescent approximation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Review
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Oral Delivery ofVaccines · 2025
    Article
  19. Review
  20. Article

3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

17 authors at 8 institutions in 3 countries.

Wan-Ting HeJiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
Nena BollenDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Yi XuChina Animal Disease Control Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China.
Jin ZhaoJiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
Simon DellicourDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0001-9558-1052
Ziqing YanJiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
Wenjie GongKey Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China.
Cheng ZhangJiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
Letian ZhangJiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
Meng LuJiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
Alexander LaiSchool of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY, USA.
Marc A SuchardDepartment of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9818-479X
Xiang JiDepartment of Mathematics, School of Science & Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7243-0865
Changchun TuKey Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China.
Philippe LemeyDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0003-2826-5353
Guy BaeleDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0002-1915-7732
Shuo SuJiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
Nanjing Agricultural University · CNRega Institute for Medical Research · BEAcademy of Military Medical Sciences · CNChina Animal Disease Control Center · CNKentucky State University · USTulane University · USUniversité Libre de Bruxelles · BEUniversity of California, Los Angeles · US

Funding

Technology CoreU19AI135995 · NIAID · SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE, THE · PI Laura D. Hughes · 2018 to 2026
$32.0M
Statistical Innovation to Integrate Sequences and Phenotypes for Scalable Phylodynamic InferenceR01AI153044 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI Marc A. Suchard · 2021 to 2026
$2.4M
NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI153044NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI135995
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The ongoing SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)-CoV (coronavirus)-2 pandemic has exposed major gaps in our knowledge on the origin, ecology, evolution, and spread of animal coronaviruses. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus in the family Coronaviridae that may have originated from bats and leads to significant hazards and widespread epidemics in the swine population. The role of local and global trade of live swine and swine-related products in disseminating PEDV remains unclear, especially in developing countries with complex swine production systems. Here, we undertake an in-depth phylogeographic analysis of PEDV sequence data (including 247 newly sequenced samples) and employ an extension of this inference framework that enables formally testing the contribution of a range of predictor variables to the geographic spread of PEDV. Within China, the provinces of Guangdong and Henan were identified as primary hubs for the spread of PEDV, for which we estimate live swine trade to play a very important role. On a global scale, the United States and China maintain the highest number of PEDV lineages. We estimate that, after an initial introduction out of China, the United States acted as an important source of PEDV introductions into Japan, Korea, China, and Mexico. Live swine trade also explains the dispersal of PEDV on a global scale. Given the increasingly global trade of live swine, our findings have important implications for designing prevention and containment measures to combat a wide range of livestock coronaviruses.

Indexed as

CoronavirusPorcine epidemic diarrhea virusSwine DiseasesAnimalsChinaPandemicsPhylogenyPhylogeographySwineUnited StatesBayesian inferenceBEASTCoronaviridaegeneralized linear modelphylogeographyporcine epidemic diarrhea virus

Identifiers

PMID34951645
PMCPMC8826572
OpenAlexW4200383655

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.