ArticleNucleic acids research2022
Condensin extrudes DNA loops in steps up to hundreds of base pairs that are generated by ATP binding events.
Article in Nucleic acids research, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.
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37 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bridging-driven condensation by eukaryotic SMC complexes is a conserved feature of genome organization.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- HSV-1 origin binding protein UL9 forms intermolecular DNA tethers and intramolecular DNA loops.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Chromosome segregation in a minimal bacterial cell driven by SMC protein complexes.Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society · 2026Article
- Condensin I but not Condensin II is crucial for mitotic chromosome mechanics.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Condensin loop extrusion properties, roadblocks, and role in homology search during recombination in S. cerevisiae.The EMBO journal · 2026Article
- SMC complex unidirectionally translocates DNA by coupling segment capture with an asymmetric kleisin path.eLife · 2026Article
- The 3D genomics of lampbrush chromosomes highlights the role of active transcription in chromatin organization.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Zooming into Disease at the Nanoscale: High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy in Biomedical Discovery.ACS nano · 2026Review
- Yeast condensin acts as a transient intermolecular crosslinker in entangled DNA.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Atomic Force Microscopy Analysis of Bridging-Induced Phase Separation Mediated by SMC Proteins.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Motorized chromosome models of mitotic chromosome folding.Nature communications · 2025Article
- SMC modulates ParB engagement in segregation complexes in streptomyces.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Measuring molecular forces inside living cells using magnetic tweezers.Biophysical reviews · 2025Review
- Spontaneously directed loop extrusion in SMC complexes emerges from broken detailed balance and anisotropic DNA search.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- Molecular dynamics simulations of human cohesin subunits identify DNA binding sites and their potential roles in DNA loop extrusion.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Chromosomal domain formation by archaeal SMC, a roadblock protein, and DNA structure.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Convergent pairs of highly transcribed genes restrict chromatin looping in Dictyostelium discoideum.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- Adding a twist to the loops: the role of DNA superhelicity in the organization of chromosomes by SMC protein complexes.Biochemical Society transactions · 2024Review
- All eukaryotic SMC proteins induce a twist of -0.6 at each DNA loop extrusion step.Science advances · 2024Article
- Motor domain of condensin and step formation in extruding loop of DNA.Journal of biological physics · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The condensin SMC protein complex organizes chromosomal structure by extruding loops of DNA. Its ATP-dependent motor mechanism remains unclear but likely involves steps associated with large conformational changes within the ∼50 nm protein complex. Here, using high-resolution magnetic tweezers, we resolve single steps in the loop extrusion process by individual yeast condensins. The measured median step sizes range between 20-40 nm at forces of 1.0-0.2 pN, respectively, comparable with the holocomplex size. These large steps show that, strikingly, condensin typically reels in DNA in very sizeable amounts with ∼200 bp on average per single extrusion step at low force, and occasionally even much larger, exceeding 500 bp per step. Using Molecular Dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that this is due to the structural flexibility of the DNA polymer at these low forces. Using ATP-binding-impaired and ATP-hydrolysis-deficient mutants, we find that ATP binding is the primary step-generating stage underlying DNA loop extrusion. We discuss our findings in terms of a scrunching model where a stepwise DNA loop extrusion is generated by an ATP-binding-induced engagement of the hinge and the globular domain of the SMC complex.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.