ArticleFrontiers in nutrition2021
Risk Assessment of RYR Food Supplements: Perception vs. Reality.
Article in Frontiers in nutrition, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Natural Extract Combination Modulates Intestinal Barrier and Hepatic Cholesterol via the Gut-Liver Axis In Vitro.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Approaches to Authenticating Products Containing Red Yeast Rice Extract (Monacolin K).Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Hepatic Cholesterol Regulation Through Multi-Botanical Extract Targeting of the PCSK9-LDLr-SREBP-2 Axis in HepG2 Cells.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- A Scoping Review of Published Literature on the Contributions of the Natural Health Products (NHPs) Industry to Pharmacovigilance for NHPs.Drug safety · 2026Article
- Determination of Monacolin K and Citrinin in the Presence of Other Active Ingredients Found in Selected Food Supplements by HPLC-DAD.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- From Artisan Experience to Scientific Elucidation: Preparation Processes, Microbial Diversity, and Food Applications of Chinese Traditional Fermentation Starters (Qu).Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Red yeast rice with monacolin K for the improvement of hyperlipidemia: A narrative review.World journal of clinical cases · 2025Review
- Subclinical acute tubular necrosis potentially associated with red yeast rice consumption unexpectedly detected in a patient with membranous nephropathy.CEN case reports · 2025Article
- Scientific Opinion on additional scientific data related to the safety of monacolins from red yeast rice submitted pursuant to Article 8(4) of Regulation (EC) No 1925/2006.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2025Article
- Coordinated Synthesis of Pigments Differing in Side Chain Length inJournal of agricultural and food chemistry · 2025Article
- Red Yeast Rice or Lovastatin? A Comparative Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy Through a Multifaceted Approach.Phytotherapy research : PTR · 2025Article
- Quality Control and Safety Assessment of Online-Purchased Food Supplements Containing Red Yeast Rice (RYR).Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Review
- Red Yeast Rice for the Improvement of Lipid Profiles in Mild-to-Moderate Hypercholesterolemia: A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Thirty-seven red yeast rice (RYR) food supplements were screened for their mycotoxin and natural statin content. Products included pure RYR capsules and multi-ingredient formulations with standardized amounts of monacolin K (MK), marketed both online and retail in the European Union. In terms of mycotoxins, citrinin (CIT) was found in all the monitored products. As CIT content ranged from 100 to 25100 μg/kg, only four products were compliant with maximum EU levels in force until April 2020, while a single product was compliant with the limit of 100 μg/kg introduced after that date. Four contaminated products were labeled as "citrinin free". In terms of natural statins, nine products had a lower content vs. label statements (from -30 to -83%), while for 24 a larger MK amount (from 10 to 266%) was noticed. Three products had a negligible MK content and only 19 offered a daily dosage exceeding 10 mg as dictated by the health claim granted by EFSA in the EU. No sample had label values compliant with pharmaceutical Good Manufacturing Practices requirements (95-105% content of active constituent). Variable, but small amounts of simvastatin (0.1-7.5 μg per daily dose) were found in 30 samples. These results suggest that limited efficacy and reported safety issues may stem from an under-regulated and undercontrolled market, weakening both effectiveness and risk assessment evaluations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.