ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs), NOD-Like Receptors (NLRs), and RIG-I-Like Receptors (RLRs) in Innate Immunity. TLRs, NLRs, and RLRs Ligands as Immunotherapeutic Agents for Hematopoietic Diseases.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07289451 (TLR 9), which is not on this map. Cited by 223 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
TLR 9 (rs352140) Gene Polymorphism in Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Children
Who cites it
223 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 350 citations in OpenAlex.
- Molecular insights into glial neuroimmune cross reactivity with CNS antigens and its role in neuroinflammation.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Uncovering Necroptosis in Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review of Evidence Across Experimental Models.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2025Pooled it
- Paneth Cells: Recent Updates on Elucidating Therapeutic Implications in Gastroenterological Disease Management.Current medicinal chemistry · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy of acupuncture as adjunctive therapy for patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of gut microbiota-based therapies in autoimmune and rheumatic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 80 randomized controlled trials.BMC medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Benzothiazole derivatives target oligoadenylate synthetase and enhance RSV vaccine efficacy as adjuvants.Bioactive materials · 2027Article
- Review
- Essential role of hsa-miR-203a-3p in type I interferons immune homeostasis during influenza and NDV infection.RNA biology · 2026Article
- Review
- Virobiome-mediated regulation of microbiota-gut-brain axis signaling and neuroimmune homeostasis.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
- Insights into Microbiota-Vaccine Crosstalk in Humans: Mechanisms, Modulators, and Translational Horizons.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Toll-Like Receptors in the Mechanism of Hexabromocyclododecane-Induced Production of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines.Journal of applied toxicology : JAT · 2026Article
- Machine Learning-Driven Drug Repositioning Identifies Putative IRAK4 Inhibitors Through Structure-Based Computational Evaluation.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- The language of the immune system: Part 1: Cytokine conversations and conversationalists.ImmunoHorizons · 2026Review
- Dental Pulp Stem Cells for the Management of Plaque Biofilm-Associated Infections : A Review.International dental journal · 2026Review
- cGAS-STING axis: A central regulator of neural homeostasis and neuroinflammatory pathogenesis.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- TLR9 DNA methylation and gene expression in cattle naturally infected with B. abortus.Tropical animal health and production · 2026Article
- Tissue tropism and mRNA expression profiles of selected innate immunity-related genes following experimental tick-borne encephalitis virus and louping ill virus infection of sheep.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Urinary Extracellular Vesicle-Derived miRNAs as Regulators and Biomarkers in Diabetic Kidney Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Article
163 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The innate immune system plays a pivotal role in the first line of host defense against infections and is equipped with patterns recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Several classes of PRRS, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) recognize distinct microbial components and directly activate immune cells. TLRs are transmembrane receptors, while NLRs and RLRs are intracellular molecules. Exposure of immune cells to the ligands of these receptors activates intracellular signaling cascades that rapidly induce the expression of a variety of overlapping and unique genes involved in the inflammatory and immune responses. The innate immune system also influences pathways involved in cancer immunosurveillance. Natural and synthetic agonists of TLRs, NLRs, or RLRs can trigger cell death in malignant cells, recruit immune cells, such as DCs, CD8+ T cells, and NK cells, into the tumor microenvironment, and are being explored as promising adjuvants in cancer immunotherapies. In this review, we provide a concise overview of TLRs, NLRs, and RLRs: their structure, functions, signaling pathways, and regulation. We also describe various ligands for these receptors and their possible application in treatment of hematopoietic diseases.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.